“四清”的前奏:1960年河南省开封专区“改造三类队”研究

Prelude to the Four Cleansing Movement: A Case Study on “the Remolding of the Third Type of Production Brigade ” in Kaifeng District of Henan Province in 1960

1959年庐山会议后开展的“反右倾”斗争,中断了郑州会议以来的纠“左”进程,农村基层干部的“五风”再度泛滥。中共中央指示各地开展“三反”运动,整风整社,试图加以解决。开封专区的“三反”集中在对所谓“三类队”的改造上面,用“民主革命和社会主义革命补课”的方式,对农村基层干部进行了政治纯化。“改造三类队”虽然对基层干部的作风改善起到些许作用,但它简单地把农村工作的政策性失误归咎于阶级敌人的破坏,而未触及公社体制,因此也无助于从根本上扭转“大跃进”后期的困难局面。值得注意的是,这一运动所采取的以“对敌斗争”手段来处理农村基层干部的做法,在此后的“四清”运动中得到了全面接续和发展。

The“Anti-Right trend”struggle after Lushan Conference in 1959 interrupted the correcting operation on the so-called“Leftist”policy,as a result,the“five corrupted trends”of grassroots cadres in rural areas had become manifested again.The CCP Central Committee ordered local organization to launch“three anti”movement to correct the wrong doings among rural cadres.In Kaifeng district of Henan Province,the movement focused on the remolding of the so-called“third type of production brigade”,i.e.to use the way of“make up the class of democratic and socialist revolution”to purify grassroots rural cadres.The remoulding process indeed corrected some cadres behaviour and negative habits,yet it mistakenly attributed the policy errors to class enemies damaging,leaving the commune system untouched,therefore it couldn t improve the situation in the great leap forward.The strategies used in this movement were continued to be carried out in the following four cleansing movement,which was the prelude of the cultural revolution.