“五四”新文化运动与陈独秀——关于中国近代文学的思想性基础的考察

The “May Fourth” New Cultural Movement and Ch’en Tu-Hsju:An Investigation on the Ideological Foundation of Chinese Contemporary Literature

陈独秀出生于安徽省怀宁县,自幼研习经书并顺利通过县试、府试。18岁时,因目睹了乡试考生的种种堕落无能之行,决定不再参加科举。在这之后的一段时间里,陈独秀以革命家的姿态积极投身革命,先后创建了“藏书楼”“青年会”“岳王会”等组织,并创办了《爱国新报》《国民日日报》《安徽俗话报》等报刊。1907年以后,陈独秀开始以《新青年》为阵地,以“文化运动”为手段,积极推动中国的思想启蒙运动。《新青年》的创刊从本质上说,是陈独秀革命运动的继续,即完成“中华民族的精神改造”。用陈独秀的话来说,则是发扬对“民主”与“科学”的主张。但是,由于受到启蒙思想内在逻辑的制约,陈独秀缺乏对中国现状的认识及理解,其自我意识的完结性,又从主体一侧封杀了他作为中国的思想家超越西欧近代启蒙思想局限的可能。虽然,陈独秀很快就“转向”为“马克思主义者”,但他在启蒙思想的逻辑下形成的自我构造仍未发生根本性的改变。毛泽东在整风运动中所要变革的对象,就是陈独秀所显示出来的这种意识构造。

Born in Huaining County,Anhui Province,Ch en Tu-Hsju was studying Confucian classics since his childhood and passed the county exam and the prefectural exam smoothly.He decided to quit the imperial examination at the age of 18,as he had witnessed corruption and incompetence of the township exam candidates.Over the next period of time,Ch en Tu-Hsju devoted himself to revolution positively,founding organizations like Anhui Patriotic Association,Qingnian Hui(the Youth Society),Yuewang Hui(the Yue Fei Loyalist Society),and journals like Aiguo Xinbao(New Patriotic Paper),Guomin Riribao(National Daily),Anhui Suhua Bao(Anhui vernacular newspaper),etc.After 1907,Ch en Tu-Hsju poured his effort into the Chinese Enlightenment positively,based on Xin Qingnian(New Youth),by means of the cultural movement.Essentially,the foundation of Xin Qingnian is a continuation of Ch en Tu-Hsju s revolutionary cause,i.e.,the completion of spiritual transformation of Chinese people.In his words,it was an advocacy of democracy and science.However,limited by the internal logic of Enlightenment,Ch en Tu-Hsju lacked a cognition of the situation of China.Moreover,as a subject,the completeness of his self-consciousness prevented him from going beyond the boundary of modern Western Europe Enlightenment as a Chinese thinker.Although Ch en Tu-Hsju later turned to Marxism before long,his self-structure which formed due to the logic of Enlightenment was still fully carried forward.The target which Mao Zedong wanted to convert during the Rectification Movement was this very structure of consciousness which was revealed in Ch en Tu-Hsju.