蚩尤的传说及其地位变迁研究

A Study on Chiyou's Legend and Change of the Status

蚩尤是中国上古族邦首领,以作刑、制兵和善于用兵闻名于世,其虽败于炎黄联盟,但在东方的齐地较早被作为"八主"之一受到崇拜。在文献记载中,蚩尤并不是彻底的反面形象,由于蚩尤战败身死的主流说法,在多地遗留有蚩尤冢,而文献中又有蚩尤不死为黄帝所用的记载,这种说法对于蚩尤崇拜观念的形成有着重要影响。尽管蚩尤神勇和作五兵得到了后人肯定,但其地位难以和炎黄两帝相提并论,对于蚩尤的祭祀也时兴时废。由于苗族人士的呼吁,河北涿鹿设立了三祖堂,蚩尤和炎帝、黄帝一样成为中华人文始祖,进而引发了蚩尤故里之争和苗族祭拜先祖蚩尤的热潮。不过,由于正统史书书写的影响依然存在,加之祭拜活动需要考虑现实功用,除了认祖归宗的血缘认同外,大规模的公祭蚩尤活动较为罕见,北方地区的蚩尤文化园区建设需要建立在宽阔的文化视野基础之上。

Chiyou is the leader of the ancient Chinese state of China. He is famous for his torture, military preparation, and good use of soldiers. Although he was defeated by the Yanhuang Alliance, he was earlier worshipped as one of the"eight masters"in the East. In the literature, Chiyou is not a complete negative image.Because Chiyou defeated the mainstream saying of death, there are Youzhong left in many places, and there are records in the literature that Chiyou does not die for the Yellow Emperor. This statement has an important influence on the formation of Chiyou’s worship concept. Although Chi You’s bravery and his five soldiers were affirmed by later generations, his status was difficult to compare with that of Wang Yanhuang and the two emperors. He also spent time on the sacrifices of Chiyou.Due to the call of the Miao people, Hebei Zhuolu established the Sanzu Church. Chiyou became the ancestor of the Chinese nation like Yandi and Huangdi, which in turn triggered the dispute between Chiyou’s hometown and the Miao people’s worship of the ancestor Chiyou. However, due to the fact that the influence of the writing of Orthodox history books still exists, and the worship activities need to consider the real function, in addition to the recognition of the blood identity of the ancestors, the large-scale public worship of Chiyou is relatively rare. The construction of Chiyou cultural scenic spot in the northern region needs to be based on a broad cultural perspective.