从主体行动的逻辑到客观结构的逻辑——《资本论》“商品和货币”篇的辩证法

From the Logic of Subjective Actions to the Logic of Objective Structures: Dialectics of the Part “Commodities and Money” in Capital

从主体行动出发去理解事物的存在和发展变化,是马克思从其青年时代直到晚年都一直持有的理论原则。但要对资本主义进行科学研究,却不能直接以主体行动作为对象,而是只能以作为主体行动之结果的客观结构为对象。这便要求有一个从主体行动的逻辑向客观结构的逻辑的过渡或转换,如此方能够合理地建构起关于资本主义的科学体系。而《资本论》"商品和货币"篇,特别是其中的"价值形式"分析,便是马克思精心构造起来的这一过渡环节或"转换枢纽"。遗憾的是,以往人们对于《资本论》中辩证法的阐释中,却往往忽视或误读了这一关键问题。

As a theoretical principle,Marx had held to understand the existence and development of things based on subjective actions through all his life.However,scientific research on capitalism cannot directly depend on subjective actions,but on objective structures,resulting from subjective actions.It was thus only with a transition or transformation from the logic of subjective actions to the logic of objective structures that a scientific system concerning capitalism can be reasonably constructed.The part entitled“Commodities and Money”in Capital,especially its analysis of“value form,”is the transitional link or“transition hub”that Marx elaborately constructed for this purpose.Regrettably,in the past,this key issue has often been neglected or misunderstood in the interpretation of dialectics in Capital.