论国际商事惯例(习惯)中的主观要素

The Subjective Elements of International Commercial Usages (Customs)

国际商事惯例(习惯)的构成要件是国际商法学重要的基础理论问题。一般认为,若欲对当事人产生约束力,惯例(习惯)必须满足客观要件即一致和反复的行为以及主观要件即"法律确信"这两方面要求。但目前国内外学界对于惯例(习惯)的主观要件认识不足、界定模糊,在惯例(习惯)的识别层面出现了"去主观化"的理论趋势。这种理论在很大程度上模糊了国际商事惯例(习惯)与不具有约束力的通例之间的界限,赋予裁判者过多自由裁量权限,破坏法律规则适用的统一效果,进而破坏当事人的合理预期,减损司法裁判的可预测性。鉴此,应当继续坚持国际商事惯例(习惯)的主观要件理论。与此同时,在司法实践中应当以专家证言为切入点,引入基于批判反思态度的考虑因素,作为国际商事惯例(习惯)约束力的承认规则和判定标准,精准构建国际商事惯例(习惯)的新"法律确信"理论。

The constituent elements of international commercial usages(customs)are important basic theoretical issues of international commercial law.It is generally believed that,in order to bind the relevant persons,usages(customs)need consistent and repetitive behavior as their objective element,and juris opinios as the subjective element.Scholars of international law,however,have insufficient understanding of the subjective elements of usages(customs)and vague definition of standards.This situation leads to the trend towards“de-subjectivization”in the identification of usages(customs).This misunderstanding blurs the boundaries between international commercial usages(customs)and non-binding general practice,gives too much discretion to judges,undermines the uniform effect of the application of legal rules,the reasonable expectations of the parties,and the predictability of judicial decisions.In view of this situation,China,while adhering to the theory of subjective elements of international commercial usages(customs),should introduce critical reflective attitude(CRA)into the litigation system by taking expert testimony as a standard tool of recognition of the binding force international commercial usages(customs).For these reasons,we need to construct an accurate theoretical system of international commercial usages(customs)with legal certainty.