探寻政府经济角色的新定位——试析国际金融危机爆发以来英国的产业战略

Exploring the New Position of the Government's Economic Role——An Analysis of the UK's Industrial Strategy since the Outbreak of the International Financial Crisis

受国际金融危机的影响与触动,近年来西欧主要国家的政府经济角色都出现了相对于新自由主义政策取向的不同程度的回调,最突出的表现就是富有新内涵的产业政策的回归。尤其是在曾经最积极地践行新自由主义的英国,政界与学界的认识转变最为明显,卡梅伦政府和梅政府相继出台产业战略。本文以政府经济角色转变为主线,对国际金融危机以来英国的产业战略做了较为系统深入的剖析。分析表明,近年来英国政界与学界正在形成有关政府经济角色的新共识,认为与自由放任带来的巨大风险相比,适当的政府干预必不可少。政府要为市场经济运行构建坚实的基础,还必须具备战略眼光,积极扮演风险承担者和市场创造者的角色。在行业覆盖面上,英国确定了工业和高端服务业并重的发展路径。在政策方向上,英国的产业战略具有明确的创新导向特征,梅政府更是设定了大幅提高研发投入的目标;从卡梅伦政府到梅政府,促进创新的方式由专注于部门政策向跨部门的"使命导向型措施"转型。此外,受脱欧公投结果的影响,英国的产业战略还增加了公平导向的内容。上述战略的实施效果尚待观察,这也将在很大程度上决定未来英国政府经济角色演变的走向。

In response to the international financial crisis,in recent years,the governments’economic roles of major Western European countries have experienced different degrees of correction relative to the neoliberal policy orientation.The most prominent manifestation is the return of industrial policies with new connotations.In particular in the United Kingdom,who had ever most actively practiced the neo-liberalism,the cognitive shifts in politics and academia are most evident.The UK governments under the leadership of Cameron and May have successively put forward their industrial strategies.Taking the transformation of the government’s economic role as the main line,this paper makes a systematic and in-depth analysis of the UK’s industrial strategies since the outbreak of international financial crisis.It shows that in recent years,the British political and academic circles are forming a new consensus on the government’s economic role.It is considered that appropriate government intervention is indispensable compared with the huge risks brought about by laissez-faire.The government must build solid foundations for the operation of market economy.It must as well have a strategic vision and actively play the role of risk taker and market creator.In terms of industry coverage,the UK has identified a path of development that focuses on both industry and high-end services.In terms of policy direction,the UK’s industrial strategies have a clear innovation-oriented feature,and the May Administration has set a goal of substantially increasing R&D investment.From Cameron to May,the focus to promote innovation has shifted from sectoral policies to“mission-oriented measures”across sectors.In addition,influenced by the results of the Brexit referendum,the content of fairness has been incorporated into the UK’s industrial strategy.The implementation effects of the above strategies remain to be seen,which will largely determine the future evolution of the UK government’s economic role.