全球化冲击、互联网民主与混合民粹主义的生成——解释意大利五星运动的兴起

Globalization Shock,Internet Democracy and the Formation of a Hybrid Populism: An Explanation of the Rise of the Five Star Movement in Italy

意大利执政的民粹政党五星运动代表了一种行走于"左右"之上的混合民粹主义。民粹主义采取的表现形式,是需求与供给共同作用的结果。在需求方面,全球化的冲击会造成社会分野的凸显。经济/阶层分野及"上下对立"为左翼民粹主义提供了生长的土壤;国族/种族/文化分野和"内外对立"则是右翼民粹主义的温床。当两种分野和对立一起凸显时,可能同时产生左翼和右翼民粹主义,也可能产生糅合左右的混合民粹主义。但它究竟采取何种形式,直接取决于政党的供给方式。意大利存在两种社会分野,五星运动对此予以充分利用,对左翼和右翼选民进行"纲领供给";而且,为了调和内部的左右分歧,五星运动强调"超越"意识形态,通过互联网直接民主的供给,用技术手段来解决政治理念上的差异,从而把左右选民都聚拢在一起,最终造就了五星运动混合左右的民粹主义。在互联网时代,五星运动倡导的直接民主实践值得深入探究。

The Five Star Movement,one of the ruling populist parties in Italy,represents a“hybrid”populism that transcends the traditional left-right political divide.The form that the populism shall take is a result from the interaction between the demand and supply sides.On the demand side,the shock of globalization may contribute to widening social cleavages.The economic/class cleavage provides the right soil for the left-wing populism,while the national/ethnic/cultural cleavage is the breeding ground for the right-wing populism.The co-existence and simultaneous growth of the above two cleavages will give rise to both the left-and right-wing populism or a kind of hybrid populism.However,the form that populism will take ultimately is an immediate outcome of what is supplied by political parties.In Italy,taking advantages of the growing social cleavages,the Five Star Movement has provided“programmatic supply”to voters with different positions in the political spectrum.And to integrate its heterogeneous supporters into one camp,the Five Star Movement offers internet-based direct democracy as a way to address ideological disputes.In the digital age,the direct democracy advocated by the Five Star Movement is worth serious attention.