从“非洲契约”看德国对非洲政策的转型

“The Compact with Africa” and the Transformation of Germany’s African Policy

德国于2017年担任二十国集团会议主席国时推出了"非洲契约",标志着德国突破了长期以来坚持的基于价值和利益双导向,以及在跨大西洋伙伴关系和欧盟框架下开展对非合作的政策传统,更加注重现实利益导向和增强德国在全球发展治理中的影响力。"非洲契约"和"非洲马歇尔计划"共同构成了德国对非政策的新框架,展现出德国更为积极主动的全球发展领导者和责任承担者的形象。德国对非政策的转型动力来自于地缘政治和经济多重因素考虑,特别是难民危机的压力。德国通过"非洲契约"提升对非政策影响力面临机制、资金和美国因素等多重挑战,总的来看对于提升德国对非政策的国际影响力作用有限,其政治意义大于实质的经济发展意义。从德国对非政策调整的影响和启示看,中国可以有选择地借鉴德国经验,将中国发展治理方案国际化,更多动员私人和社会力量参与对非合作,同时也要警惕"非洲契约"从多边层面给中国对非投资带来的规制效应。

“Compact with Africa” came as a significant manifestation of Germany’s breaking up with its past long-term policy tradition of the combination of double goals of value and interest as well as the usual practice of putting African cooperation under the framework of the trans-Atlantic partnership and EU guidance.Instead,Germany now puts more weight in the interest-guided policies and works on enhancing Germany’s influence in global development governance.“Compact with Africa” and the Marshall Plan with Africa constitute the new framework for Germany’s African Policy,which has shown Germany’s role as a more internationalized and proactive leader and contributor in international development cooperation.The driving force that pushes the transformation of Germany’s Africa policy is from the geopolitical and economic multiple factors,especially the pressure of the refugee crisis.However,Germany through the “Compact with Africa” to enhance its policy influence still faces multiple challenges of institutional deficiency,funding gap,and lack of American support,which has led to its limited role in enhancing the influence of Germany’s African policy and granted it with more political meaning rather than practical economic benefits.China can learn from German experience to help internationalize China’s development governance plan,and further mobilize more private and social forces to participate in the cooperation with Africa.At the same time,China should also be alert to the regulation effect of “Compact with Africa” on Chinese investment in Africa from the multilateral level.