对中世纪伊斯兰社会政教合一传统的历史反思

A Historical Review of the Tradition of Islamic Unification of State and Church in the Medieval Ages

伊斯兰的政教合一传统源于先知和四大哈里发时期的宗教理念与政治实践,有其特定的时代和地域特征。但是,在伊斯兰历史上并未形成一成不变和成熟的政教合一制度,政教合一向政教分离的演化、政教合一传统渐趋弱化和工具化,是中世纪伊斯兰政权历史演进的客观态势和历史事实。面对政教合一传统弱化和功利化的事实,多数宗教学者试图以"教法统治"为最低纲领,通过修复哈里发和苏丹的关系弥合理想与现实之间的巨大鸿沟,但也有部分宗教学者在主张"教法统治"原则的同时,号召穆斯林推翻非信和不义的统治者,重建政教合一的伊斯兰国家,并由此成为伊斯兰主义思想的历史发端。在当代伊斯兰世界,政教分离仍是大势所趋,而如何理性协调宗教与政治的关系、探索融合传统与现代的发展模式仍是各伊斯兰国家面临的长期性历史课题。

The tradition of Islamic unification of state and church,originated from the religious and political ideas and practice in the era of the Prophet and Four Caliphs,has specific epochal and regional characteristics.However,in the history of Islam,there has not been a permanent and mature system of unification of state and church,the shift from unification of state and church to separation of state and church,the decline and instrumentalization of the unification of state and church was an objective trend and fact in the historical evolution of Islamic states in the Medieval Ages.Facing the decline and utilitarianization of the tradition of unification of state and church,most Faqihs attempted to take “Sharia” as the minimum program and bridge the wide gap between reality and ideal by fixing up the relation between Caliphs and the Sultan,some Faqihs,though,called on Muslims to overturn those unreligious and unrighteous rulers and rebuild Islamic state featuring unification of state and church while sticking to the principle of “Sharia rule”,and it formed the historical origin of Islamism.In the contemporary Islamic world,separation of state and church is still an irresistable trend.However,it is still a long-term historical project for both Islamic states to reasonably coordinate the relation between religion and politics,find a development mode which combines tradition and modernity.