1950-2010:战后欧洲乡村发展理论与规划策略回顾

1950-2010: The Overview of Rural Development and Planning Strategy in Post-War Europe

战后欧洲乡村地区经历了持续变革。20世纪50至60年代,乡村发展通过外源政策推动农业规模化扩张和乡村工业发展,规划聚焦居民点和集镇建设,"在乡村中发展城市功能"。20世纪70至80年代,内源发展理论兴起,乡村发展的地域性和差异性得到认识,乡村规划和建设更加重视特色风貌和景观价值。20世纪90年代至今,内源发展进一步推动了地方行动团体参与和主导乡村规划发展。与此同时,可持续发展背景下,多功能性成为欧洲农业和乡村地区发展新的核心理念,认为乡村地区具有农业生产、环境保护、文化景观等多方面的价值;立足空间多功能性,规划整合协调各方面发展意愿及政策,在乡村地域塑造中起到重要作用。本文通过理论梳理和案例研究,对战后欧洲乡村地区从外源发展到内源发展、从生产主义到可持续发展的理念转变及相应的发展政策和规划策略进行回顾,以期对我国乡村发展有所启示。

The rural development in post-war Europe has undergone continuous changes.In the 1950s and 1960s,exogenous rural development policy encouraged large-scale management of agriculture and the development of rural industries.Rural planning focused on the construction of residential settlements and market towns,which tried to"develop urban functions in rural areas."In the 1970s and 1980s,the theory of endogenous rural development rose,the regional features of rural areas were recognized,hence rural planning started to pay more attention to social and landscape values.Since the 1990s,endogenous development strategy has further promoted the participation of local action groups in rural planning and development.Additionally,in the context of sustainable development,multifunctionality has become a new core concept in agricultural and rural development in Europe,which focuses on its composite values such as agricultural production,environmental protection and cultural landscape.Based on the multifunctional rural space,integrating all aspects of development willingness and policies plays an important role in shaping rural landscape.This paper reviews the evolution of rural development strategy from external development to endogenous development,from productionism to sustainable development in post-war Europe,and also its corresponding planning policies and practices,in order to get enlightenment for rural development in China.