铝基层状复合材料界面金属间化合物的研究现状

A Review on Study of the Intermetallic Compounds at the Interface of Aluminum Matrix Laminated Composites

随着科学技术的进步和新技术、新产业的出现,特别是高、精、尖技术的迅速崛起和发展,各国对工程材料的需求也越来越广泛,对材料性能提出了越来越苛刻的要求。因此传统、单一的金属材料的应用领域受到很大的限制,越来越不能满足高新技术的发展要求。近年来,能源和资源的消耗日渐增多,许多矿产资源日益枯竭,为了节约资源和能源,减轻产品质量,环保绿色的复合材料已成为主流发展方向。异种金属复合材料通过选择不同的组元层,可具备多种优异性能,以满足抗磨损、抗腐蚀、抗冲击及高导热导电等特殊要求。目前,金属基复合材料在石油、机械、化工、电子及家用电器等许多领域得到了广泛应用。铝基层状复合材料兼具铝合金的耐腐蚀、高导热、低密度和其他组元层的优良性能,如不锈钢耐腐蚀、铜高导电导热散热、钛耐高温冲击耐腐蚀、镁低密度优良电磁波屏蔽性能等,可满足多种特殊使用要求。铝不锈钢、铝镍及铝钛复合材料的应用,可节约Cr、Ni、Ti等稀贵金属。为了使铝基层状复合材料具有良好的界面结合性能,异种金属复合后,通常进行扩散退火,然而异种金属扩散退火过程中若层状复合材料界面有金属间化合物生成,将会损坏组元层间的结合强度,甚至分层,严重影响复合材料的使用性能。因此,研究界面金属间化合物的形成及生长是开发铝基层状复合材料的关键。本文较为系统地阐述了常用铝/不锈钢、铝/钛、铝/镍、铝/铜、铝/镁五种铝基层状复合材料界面金属间化合物,介绍了界面金属间化合物相的组成及生长动力学,并给出了五种铝基层状复合材料界面化合物的生成条件。同时,揭示了铝基层状复合材料界面金属间化合物初始形成过程,包括金属相互扩散、到达最大固溶度后初始相的形成、金属间化合物不同相间的转变及金属间化合物厚度的增加,得到了界面化合物厚度与扩散退火时间和温度的关系,金属间化合物层厚度(X)与时间(t)之间的关系满足公式:X=kt^n(n为动力学指数)。此外,本文就Si对铝镍、铝钛层状复合材料界面金属间化合物的影响进行了预测。

The process of science and technology,and the emergence of novel technologies and industries,have brought about extensive demand for engineering materials worldwide,as well as stringent requirement for material properties.Accordingly,the limitations for the application of conventional single metal materials has grown more prominent,which cannot satisfy the demands of technology development any longer.Recently,the continuously increasing consumption of energy and resources has led to the gradual depletion of mineral resources.For the sake of saving resources and energy,and reducing the weight of products,environmentally friendly.Composite materials have become the mainstream development direction.As regard to dissimilar metal composites,they are able to be endowed with multiple excellent performances by selecting different metal component layers,which can satisfy the need for wear resistance,corrosion resistance,high thermal and conductivity.At present,metal matrix composites hold widespread application in various fields including petroleum,machinery,chemical industry,electronics and household appliances.Aluminum matrix laminated composite materialsare capable to meet a variety of special requirements,which is not only because of the corrosion resistance,high thermal conductivity,low density of Al,but also profiting from excellent properties brought by other components,such as corrosion resistance of stainless steel,high conductivity and heat conduction of copper,corrosion resistance of titanium to high temperature impact,amazing electromagnetic shielding performance and low density of magnesium.The implementation of composites like Al/stainless steel,Al/Ni,Al/Ti can remarkably reduce the use of precious metals such as Cr,Ni,Ti.Usually,diffusion annealing will be carried out after heterogeneous metal compounding,aiming at achieving better interfacial bonding properties of aluminum matrix laminated composites.However,intermetallic compounds generated at the interface of laminated composites during the diffusion annealing of heterogeneous metals will do harm to the interlaminar bonding strength,and even lead to delamination,which seriously deteriorates the performance of the composite materials.Consequently,the research on the formation and growth of intermetallic compounds is the key to the development of aluminum matrix laminated composites.This paper providesa systematical description on aluminum matrix laminated composite materials including Al/stainless steel,Al/Ni,Al/Cu,Al/Ti and Al/Mg,introduces phase compositions and growth kinetics of the intermetallic compounds,and points out the formation conditions of the intermetallic compounds of these aluminum matrix laminated composites.Meanwhile,it reveals the initial formation process of intermetallic compounds,which includes metal mutual diffusion,initial formation after the maximum solid solubility,transformation of different intermetallic compounds,thickness increase.And it also expounds the relationship of thickness,with diffusion time and temperature,and the relationship between thickness of intermetallic compounds(X)and time(t)meets the equation of X=kt^n.Finally,the effect of Si on the intermetallic compounds at the interface of Al/Ti and Al/Ni is prospected.