不能犯论的日本路径及其借鉴意义

The Japanese Approach of the Theory of Impossible Attempts and Its Significance of Reference

不同于德国刑法第23条第3款,日本刑法并未将不能犯作为未遂犯的子项加以对待,而是从根本上排除了不能犯的可罚性,并认为在不能犯的情形下并不存在实行行为的着手。于是,在不能犯论这一领域,日本刑法理论所面临的问题主要在于:在同样不存在实害结果的情况下,以何种基准和方法区分未遂犯与不能犯。与日本相同的是,我国刑法也否定了不能犯的可罚性以及不能犯这一情形下的实行行为的着手。据此,在刑法条文没有规定必须着眼于行为人的主观认知来区分未遂犯与不能犯时,有必要从客观的层面对不能犯论加以探讨,这正是不能犯论的日本路径于我国的借鉴意义之所在。

Different from Article 23(3)of the Penal Code of Germany,the Penal Code of Japan does not regard the impossible attempts as a sub item of attempts but fundamentally excludes worthy of punishment of impossible attempts instead.It also states that the commencement of crime enforcement does not exist under the circumstances of impossible attempts.In such context,when discussing the impossible attempts,a primary problem faced by Japanese criminal law theory is― in the absence of harmful result,what kind of standard could be based on to distinguish the attempts from the impossible attempts.Same with Japan,the Penal Code of PRC also denies worthy of punishment of impossible attempts and the commencement of crime enforcement under the circumstance of impossible attempts.As a result,when the Penal Code does not require the standard of subjective cognition of an actor to distinguish the attempts from the impossible attempts,it is necessary to discuss the impossible attempts from an objective perspective.The Japanese approach of impossible attempts is thus worthy of our reference.