司法的法律发展功能及其价值机理

The Legal Development Function of Judicature and Its Value Mechanism

法律意义的司法建构、法律规则与习惯性规则的司法整合、权利的司法推定活动在本质上都是法律的发展过程。法律议案转变为法律形式后,并不意味着人们对法律规定有着完全一致的理解,法律适用过程仍然是一个意义阐释过程。为了达成某种程度的共识,法官需要借助正当的司法程序在法律事实和审判规范的建构过程中补充民意,使立法的普遍正义和个人诉求的特殊正义实现有机结合;当不同规则对同一事实进行了不同的规定,规则之间的冲突就不可避免地产生了,法官必然遭遇法律调整与习惯调整的冲突与融合问题。在不断探索的历史过程中,法官运用价值判断和利益衡量的手段,通过司法解释、判例塑造和立法提案的途径进行法律规则与习惯性规则的解构和融合,在实现法律知识和社会知识的有机结合过程中完成习惯性规则和法律规则的价值融合,进而推动法律的发展;法律原则是保持法律适应社会需要、实现法律正义与社会正义有机结合的重要通道,法院正是通过阐释和发展法律原则将社会生活中的利益诉求转变为司法判决保护的权利,完成推动法律发展的历史使命。诚然,权利的司法推定有着深厚的原则基础,人民主权原则为权利推定确定了正当性渊源,正当程序原则为权利推定确立了价值目标,权利保留原则为权利推定准备了必要的空间,司法最终解决原则为权利推定提供了制度权威。

The judicial construction of legal significance, the judicial integration of regulations of law and customary law, and the judicial presumption of rights are essentially the development of law. The transformation of a legal bill into a legal form does not mean that people have a completely consistent understanding of the legal provisions. The process of applying the law is still a process of meaning interpretation. In order to achieve a certain degree of consensus, judges need to use legitimate judicial procedures to supplement public opinion in the construction of legal facts and trial norms, so that the universal justice of legislation and the special justice of individual appeals can be organically combined. When different regulations make different provisions for the same fact, conflicts between regulations will inevitably arise, and judges will inevitably encounter conflicts and integration problems between legal adjustment and customary adjustment. In the historical process of continuous exploration, judges use the means of value judgment and interest measurement to carry out the deconstruction and integration of legal regulations and customary regulations through judicial interpretation, case-making and legislative proposals. The judge completes the value fusion of habitual rules and legal rules in the process of realizing the organic combination of legal knowledge and social knowledge, and then promotes the development of law. The legal principle is an important channel for keeping the law in line with the needs of society and realizing the organic combination of legal justice and social justice. It is through the interpretation and development of legal principles that the court transforms the interests of social life into the right to judicial judgment protection, thereby realizing the function of promoting legal development. Judicial presumption of rights has a deep foundation of principles. The people’s sovereignty principle determines the legitimacy of the right presumption;Due process establishes value target for the presumption of rights;Principle of legal reservation prepares the necessary space for the presumption of rights;The principle of judicial final settlement provides institutional authority for the presumption of rights.