天津玉米机械粒收初步研究

Preliminary Research on Maize Mechanical Kernel Harvest in Tianjin

为明确天津玉米子粒脱水特征及影响机械粒收的主要因素,2015年和2018年在天津武清区开展春玉米和夏玉米田间试验,调查不同玉米品种的子粒含水率和机械粒收后的破碎率、杂质率及田间损失率。结果表明,春玉米收获时子粒含水率为16.4%～23.2%,破碎率为1.5%～3.2%,符合国家机械粒收标准。在本地区10月初播种冬小麦之前完全可以实现机械粒收。夏玉米在传统收获季子粒含水率为27.2%～42.2%,含水率过高导致的高破碎率是限制机械粒收的主要因素。当前种植的主要夏播品种无法满足玉米机械粒收的熟期与水分需求,需筛选早熟、脱水快的品种,或延迟冬小麦播种及采取冬小麦改种春小麦的种植制度调整,实现夏玉米机械粒收。

Mechanical kernel harvest is the development direction of maize production in China.To clear the maize kernel dehydration characteristics and the influencing factors of mechanical kernel harvest,field experiments of spring and summer maize were carried out in Wuqing,Tianjin in 2015 and 2018.The kernel moisture content,kernel broken rate,impurity rate and field loss rate after mechanical kernel harvest were investigated for different maize cultivars.The results indicated that kernel moisture content and broken rate of spring maize was 16.4%-23.2%and 1.5%-3.2%respectively,which meet for the national standard.Mechanical kernel harvest can be real-ized before the winter wheat is planted in the region in early October.The kernel moisture content of summer maize was 27.2%-42.2%at traditional harvest date.High kernel broken rate resulting from high grain moisture content is the main factor limiting mechanical kernel harvest.At present,the main summer maize cultivars cannot meet for the maturity and moisture demands of mechanical kernel harvest.Common methods to realize the mechanical kernel harvest of summer maize should be select maize cultivar with shorter growth period and the rapid dehydration char-acteristic,or delay the sowing date of winter wheat,or adjust the planting system of winter wheat to spring wheat.