辽代卜筮书中的木奴与天牛考

On the Wooden Slave and Heavenly Bull in Liao Dynasty Divination Books

在山西应县木塔秘藏中,有辽代刻印卜筮书1件,从保存文字内容看,系用宫、商、角、徴、羽五音及木奴、天牛、玉犬等占卜凶吉,属于葬书类,其中的"木奴歌"与"天牛吼"失传已久,具有重要的学术研究价值。结合敦煌葬书文献中的有关资料,对木奴和天牛以及鸣吠歌吼等内容作了考察,指出鸣吠歌吼各有其主,并纠正了后人对"呼"的错误理解。

In the Liao Dynasty wooden pagoda cache at Yingxian, Shanxi province, a damaged but salvageable copy of a printed divination book was discovered. Judging from the remaining text, it can be seen to divine auspiciousness from various signs, including the five tones of traditional Chinese music-gong, shang, jiao, zhi and yu-and also includes the signs of the Wooden Slave, Heavenly Bull, and Jade Dog, which suggest that this was a text used in funerary rites. The "singing of the Wooden Slave" and the "roaring of the Heavenly Bull" are known to historians as standard terms used in funeral books but the tradition that used these signs was thought to have disappeared long ago, making this an exciting discovery of important value for academic research. Combined with relevant information from Dunhuang funerary texts, the Wooden Slave and Heavenly Bull were investigated together with the contextual activities of "crowing, barking, singing and roaring." This paper points out that the "crowing, barking, singing and roaring" each has its own originating subject, and corrects the misunderstanding of later generations that referred to all of these with the single term "calling."