产权秩序与农村基层治理:类型与比较——农村集体产权制度改革的政治分析

Property Rights Order and Rural Grassroots Governance:Types and Comparison

推行农村集体产权制度改革是全面深化改革的重要内容。农村集体所有制是经过新民主主义革命和社会主义改造而形成的。长期以来,学界对农村集体产权问题的研究集中在经济层面或是集体经济组织内部运行机制层面,集体经济管理并非单纯的参与市场经营活动的经济行为,它还具有不容忽视的治理内涵。目前正在推行的集体土地确权、集体经营性资产“股权量化”和集体经济组织“政经分离”等,将对农村基层治理以及国家与农民的关系产生影响,集体产权制度改革存在显著的政治效应。基于资源禀赋、区域经济状况、工业化路径、地方政策等方面的差异,我国不同地区的集体经济状况差别很大,从产权格局与产权规则两个维度可建构集体产权秩序的四种理想类型,集体产权秩序与基层治理的关联机制可通过类型比较来呈现。

The reform of the rural collective property rights system is an important part of the ongoing comprehensive and in-depth reforms. Rural collective ownership was formed through the new-democratic revolution and the subsequent socialist transformation. For a long time, the academic research on rural collective property rights has focused on the economic level or the internal operational mechanism of collective economic organizations. However, collective economic management is not simply an economic behavior of participating in the market. It also has governance implications that cannot be overlooked. The confirmation of collective land rights, the "equity quantification" of the collectively operated assets and the "separation of the political from the economic" of collective economic organizations, all of which are currently being implemented, will have an impact on rural grassroots governance and the relationship between the state and the peasants. The reform of the collective property rights system has significant political effects. Based on the differences in resource endowments ,regional economic conditions, industrialization paths, and local policies, the collective economies in different regions of China vary greatly. From the two dimensions of property rights, namely, the pattern dimension and the rule dimension, four ideal types of collective property rights order can be constructed and, by comparing these four ideal types, the correlative mechanism between property rights order and grassroots governance can be represented.