公地何以“悲剧”——以普高老寨水资源争夺为中心的人类学讨论

Why the Commons is A Tragedy? An Anthropological Discussion on the Dispute over Water Resources in the old Pugao Village

旅游客栈的兴起使世界文化遗产哈尼梯田核心区普高老寨部分村民的经济收益增加,而生活于村中的人的身份模糊化使村寨的集体性趋于消解。为占用更多的水资源而在集体林中私自引水及抢占水源等行为导致了水资源的“公地悲剧”发生。象征水权和实物水权的分离,尤其是象征水权的式微使“公地悲剧”难以避免。“公地悲剧”从本质上讲,就是人的行为失范和社会制度失语。要避免悲剧发生,重构社会秩序,防止经济对社会的主导是最为根本的:在重拾传统的村寨主义精神的新的社会文化建构中,有权规制市场的政府应该及时现身。

With the rise of tourist inns in the old Pugao Village located at the heart of Hani Terrace Field, a world cultural heritage, part of the villagers there enjoy greater economic returns. At the same time, obscured identity of those living in the village is leading to the collapse of village collectivity. In the struggle for more water resources ,people privately channel water from public-owned forests to their own lots or dispute over water sources, and the "tragedy of the commons" occurs. Separation of the symbolic right to water from the substantial right to water, and the decline of the former, has inevitably caused the "tragedy of the commons" which is essentially a matter of behavioral irregularity and institutional inefficiency. To avert the "tragedy of the commons", it is of fundamental importance to reconstruct social order and prevent the subjugation of society to the economy. In the new social and cultural construction characterized by a resort to trad让ional village-ism, the government ,which has the power to regulate the market, should assert itself.