母乳低聚糖与婴幼儿相关疾病研究进展

Progress of human milk oligosaccharides and infant-related diseases

母乳低聚糖是母乳中仅次于乳糖和脂类的第三大营养物质,重要性愈发受到重视。其核心结构由半乳糖(Gal)、葡萄糖(Glc)、N-乙酰葡萄酰胺(GlcNAc)、岩藻糖(Fuc)及唾液酸(Sia)衍生的N-乙酰神经氨酸(Neu5Ac)5种单体构成,与不同基团连接产生不同作用。母乳低聚糖可以作为益生元、调节肠道菌群,可作为抗黏附剂、抵抗病原体黏附,还可作为免疫应答调控子、调节细胞炎性反应。通过以上机制,母乳低聚糖可影响婴幼儿生长发育的诸多方面,改善腹泻,预防呼吸道感染,减轻过敏,干预肥胖,甚至影响获得性免疫缺陷综合征的预后。该文重点就母乳低聚糖的分子结构、在人体内的代谢及在婴幼儿发育中可能的作用机制作出阐述,并大致叙述几种与之相关的疾病研究概况。

Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs) are the third largest solid component in human milk, followed by lactose and lipids.The importance of HMOs to infants has attracted more and more attention.The core structure of HMOs consists of galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcAc), fucose (Fuc) and sialic acid (Sia) derived N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), which link with different groups that have different effects.HMOs could be used as prebiotics to regulate intestinal flora, as antiadhesives to resist pathogen adhesion, and as modulators of cell responses to regulate cellular inflammation.Through the mechanisms above, HMOs can affect many aspects of infant growth and development, such as relieving diarrhea, preventing respiratory infections, alleviating allergies, interfering with obesity, and even affecting the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.This article will explain the structure of HMOs, the metabolism inside human body and the definite mechanism of action in process of infantile development and describe some related diseases.