“异案异判”:指导性案例的退出适用研究

The Withdrawal of Guiding Cases

为实现“统一法律适用”的目标,指导性案例使用不仅需要“类案类判”,还需要“异案异判”。“异案异判”就要求法官退出适用不同于待决案件的指导性案例。退出适用的原因主要有四个方面:法律体制的融贯性要求、司法实践的发展性要求、应对隐性使用的需要以及类比推理的结果不相似。其中前两种属于广义上退出适用的原因,可通过立法技术予以解决,并不存在使用难点。退出适用的难点主要在司法裁判中。在参考判例法的区分技术的基础上,充分考虑成文法体制、演绎推理与附着于演绎推理的类比推理的要求,以“相关法条”为中心,借助法律关系为框架体系展开事实要点对比,结果为不相似的则退出适用。同时,在裁判文书中明示、充分说理。以期实现“异案异判”,真正正确、有效地使用指导性案例。

In order to achieve the goal of "uniform application of law",Guiding Case need to be applied uniformly.The "abnormal case" requires the judge to withdraw from the Guiding Case which is different from the precedent.There are four main reasons for withdrawing from the application: the coherence of the legal system,the development of judicial practice,the need to deal with the implicit use and the dissimilar results of analogical reasoning.The first two reasons belong to the broad sense of withdrawal,which can be solved by legislative technology,and there is no difficulty in using them.The difficulty of exit is mainly in judicial adjudication.On the basis of referring to the distinguishing technology of case law,the requirements of statutory law system,deductive reasoning and analogical reasoning attached to deductive reasoning are fully taken into account.With the "relevant provision" as the center and with the legal relations as the framework system,the comparison of factual points is carried out.If the results are not similar,the application will be withdrawn.At the same time,it is clear and rational in the judicial documents.In order to achieve "uniform application of law",truly and correctly use the Guiding Case.