蒋介石与国防最高委员会的创建

Chiang Kai-shek and the Creation of the Supreme National Defense Council

在外敌压境的情形下,如何整合党政军各机构,建构国民党的战时顶层设计,以应对战争考验,是困扰蒋介石的一道难题。1937年8月成立的国防最高会议和1939年2月建立的国防最高委员会成为蒋解决这一难题的"答案"。事实上,由于国防最高会议与身负战时指挥职责的大本营同时创设,作为国防最高会议后继者的国防最高委员会,只继承了其前身战时决策机构的身份,并不负责军事指挥,且始终未能摆脱烦冗的日常政务。蒋介石通过组建国防最高委员会秘书厅,重整各专门委员会,继续壮大自己的智囊团队和幕僚组织。国防最高委员会的创设,客观上加强了蒋介石的个人集权。

Under the circumstance of foreign enemy’s oppression,how to integrate the Party,government and army organizations and construct the top design of the Kuomintang in wartime in order to cope with the test of war was a“difficult problem”that puzzled Chiang Kai-shek.The Supreme National Defense Conference,established in August 1937,and the Supreme National Defense Council,established in February 1939,became Chiang Kai-shek’s“answer”to such a difficult problem.In fact,since the Supreme National Defense Conference was created at the same time as the Supreme Headquarters with wartime commanding responsibilities,the Supreme National Defense Council,as successor to the Supreme National Defense Conference,inherited only its predecessors status as a wartime decision-making institution,and did not take responsibility for military command,and never got rid of the hassle of day-to-day administrative affairs.Chiang Kai-shek continued to strengthen his own think tank team and staff organization by setting up the secretarial office of the Supreme National Defense Council,and reorganizing the specialized committees.The creation of the Supreme National Defense Council objectively strengthened Chiang Kai-shek’s individual centralization of power.