生态不平等交换、价值转移与发展中经济体的环境问题

Ecological Unequal Exchange,Value Transfer and Environmental Problems in Developing Economies

本文基于马克思主义经济学的生态不平等交换理论,结合价值转移概念,阐明资本主义世界体系的运动规律如何恶化发展中经济体生态环境的问题。我们构建了一个两部门置盐-森岛模型,证明一个部门的资本有机构成下降和剩余价值率上升会引起该部门价值转出,并提高其贸易的环境成本。在此基础上,计算了全球40个经济体的价值转移量和生态不平等交换程度。本文发现,存在生态不平等交换的重要原因是国际分工和实际工资差异导致经济体间的价值转移。国际贸易不平等直接造成了发达经济体和发展中经济体生态环境水平的差距。

Based on the combination of the ecological unequal exchange theory and the traditional unequal exchange theory, this paper demonstrates-using a theoretical and empirical approach-that the laws of the capitalist world system have a negative impact on the environment of developing economies. The paper proposes an Okishio-Morishima model and proves that the decrease in the organic composition of capital and the increase of surplus value rate in one sector result in a value outflow from this sector and significantly cause the increase of its ecological cost of in international trade. Based on the theoretical analysis, we calculate the volume of value transfer and ecological unequal exchange in 40 economies using the World Input-output Database from 1995 to 2009 by employing the Marelli-Ochoa approach. The results of the regressions illustrate that the value transfer among economies caused by the international division of labour and real wage differentials has an appreciable impact on the ecological unequal exchange, which therefore means that the inequality of international trade leads directly to diversity in the ecological environment level between developed and developing economies.