加班、工作量自主权与效用——兼论工时约束的存在性

Overtime, Workload Autonomy and Utility of Workers, with Discuss on Hours Constraints

针对中国劳动力市场中普遍存在的超时加班问题,本文从企业施加工时约束的视角,构建含工时约束的劳动供给—效用框架,分析劳动力的加班决策机制及不同工时约束下加班的效用影响。在理论研究的基础上,进一步利用CLDS2014进行了相应的实证检验。研究发现:(1)工时约束在中国劳动力市场中确实普遍存在,劳动力报告的工作量部分自主对应企业施加工时上限约束,劳动力报告的工作量完全非自主对应企业施加了工时下限约束;(2)相比于工作量完全非自主情形,工作量完全自主情形下劳动力的加班时间略少,而工作量部分自主情形下劳动力的加班时间显著更少;(3)工作量自主权能够调节加班时间对劳动力效用水平的影响,完全自主和部分自主情形下加班不会降低劳动力的效用水平,而在完全非自主情形下加班会显著降低劳动力的效用水平。本文还进一步考察了分割市场中工时约束影响的异质性,发现雇主更倾向于对城镇职工和体制内工人施加工时上限约束,对农民工和体制外工人施加工时下限约束,且在下限约束下,加班对体制内工人和城镇职工造成的效用损失更大。本文强调完全的工作量自主权在改善劳动者福利方面能够发挥积极作用,研究结果为促进我国劳动者权益保护提供了一定的经验参考。

Focusing on the prevalence of overtime in the Chinese labor market,this paper builds a"labor supply-utility"model with hours constraints to analyze laborers'decisions on working overtime and the impact of overtime on laborers'utility.We also utilize the 2014 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey data for empirical tests.The results show that:(1)Hours constraints are common in the Chinese labor market.Employees reporting no workload autonomy face a lower limit constraint while employees reporting partial workload autonomy face an upper limit constraint.(2)Compared with overtime working hours of employees without any workload autonomy,those of employees enjoying full workload autonomy are slightly shorter and those of employees having partial workload autonomy are significantly shorter.(3)Workload autonomy affects the relationship between overtime and laborers'utility.Overtime with full or partial workload autonomy does not reduce laborers'utility while overtime with no workload autonomy does significantly reduce laborer's utility.We further investigate the heterogeneous effects of hours constraints in segmented labor markets.The results show that employers tend to impose a lower limit constraint on urban workers and employees in the traditional system and an upper limit constraint on migrant workers and employees outside the traditional system.Under the upper limit constraints,overtime is more harmful to urban workers and employees in the traditional system.This paper highlights that the full workload autonomy can play a positive role in improving the welfare of workers,and the research results provide references for promoting workers'rights.