超越“错误法社会学” 卢曼法社会学理论的贡献与启示

Beyond the Sociology of Errors:Contribution and Lessons from Luhmann's Sociology of Law

多数法社会学理论以揭示与批评法律实践中规范与事实的断裂与偏离为己任,方法论上属于"错误社会学"之一种,可以名之为"错误法社会学"。"错误社会学"预设了本体实在论的观念,即认为社会事实是独立于观察者的"如其所是"的存在,却因此导致了一系列方法论的困境,尤其是无法观察以"认知"与"规范"形式存在的社会事实。通过借鉴胡塞尔的意识现象学的观念与方法,并进一步借助系统论、控制论、生物认识论和信息论等交叉学科研究的方法予以综合与改造,卢曼提出以"意义"概念作为社会学的基本范畴,进而建构出一套全新的社会学的概念与方法的体系,并将其适用于法社会学研究领域,从而克服了"错误法社会学"的方法论困境,不但使得用社会学方法将"规范"作为事实进行观察得以可能,还进一步通过揭示世界的复杂性与偶联性,改变了我们观察和描述社会事实的角度与方法,从而使从社会演化的角度观察和研究中国转型时期的法律与社会成为可能。

Most of the sociology of lawdevote themself to disclose the deviate of Fact from the norm, just like the sociology of error in the area of sociology of cognition, we can call this kind sociology of law as some kind of sociology of Error. The sociology of Error supposed that the world exists as there is, independent from the observer. Just because of this presupposition, it cannot observe the social fact such as norm and cognition, but only the fact deviate from them. With reference from the method of phenomenological methodology of Edmund Husserl丄and the interdisciplinary research of the general theory of system cyberneticsbiological epistemology and information theory. Niklas luhmann suggested to chose the concept meaning as the basic category of the sociology, and develop a new paradigm of sociology, that is social system theory. Luhmann applied social system theory in the field of sociology of law, and has overcome the difficulty of sociology of Error. Then we can observe the norm as social fact sociologically. and what's more, through disclose the Complex and Contingency of the world, we find that the recognition of the meaning system as the background of the social fact is the precondition of the observation of the social fact. This will enlighten the sociology of law in china very much.