行政不法事实与犯罪事实的层次性理论 兼论行政不法行为向犯罪转化的事实认定问题

The Stratification Theory of Administrative Illegal Fact and Criminal Fact On the Fact Finding in the Transformation from Administrative Illegality to Crime

我国刑法确立了大量以行政违法为前提的罪名。司法机关要认定这类犯罪事实,就应同时确认行为人构成行政不法事实和"特定构成要件事实"。根据行政处罚与犯罪的包容性原理、两种处罚后果的阶层性理论以及两种事实错误的成本理论,我们将行政不法事实与犯罪事实视为处于两个不同位阶的法律事实,两者无论是在证明对象、调查取证的方式、对非法取证的救济上还是在事实认定标准上,都存在着实质性的差异。按照这一理论,法律对行政证据向犯罪证据的转化要施加严格的限制,行政机关所作的行政处罚认定结论对于刑事司法机关并不具有预决的效力。当然,在一些特定的场合下,基于效率、便利等实用性的考虑,也可以确立层次性理论的若干例外。

The Chinese Criminal Law has established a large number of crime based on administrative violation. If the judge wants to affirm this kind of crime, he should affirm the administrative illegality and the fact con forming to specific constitutive elements at the same time. According to the inclusiveness principle of administrative penalty and crime. the stratification theory of two consequences of punishment and the cost theory of two factual errors, we regard the administrative violation and crime as two facts of different legal levels. They have substantial differences in the object of proof, the way of investigation, the relief of illegal evidence collection and the standard of affirming the fact. According to the t*heory the law needs impose strict restrictions on the conversion of administrative evidence to criminal evidence. The conclusion of administrative penalty determination made by administrative organ has no pre.judgmental effect on crinlinal judicial organ. Certainly, some exceptions to the stratification theory can be established in some specific occasions, based on the consideration of practical elements, such as efficiency and convenience.