北京官话、东北官话和冀鲁官话保唐片方言古清入字归调的比较研究

The Tone Evolution of Ancient Voiceless Falling Tone Words in Beijing Mandarin,Northeast Mandarin,and Bao-Tang Subgroup of Jilu Mandarin

古清入字散归四声是以北京话为代表的北京官话、东北官话和冀鲁官话保唐片的共同特点。既往研究主要集中在北京音,缺乏对清入散归四声地区的综合比较,没有揭示出这些地区清入字归调的内部差异。从这些地区中清入归调一致的字入手,可以发现一些规律:读阴平和上声的主要是口语常用字,而读阳平和去声的基本是书面语词用字;口语常用字中,读阴平的字数多,以动词为主也有部分名词,读上声的字数不及阴平一半,主要是名词。由此可以推定,清入散归四声地区中清入派入阴平是更古老的层次,上声次之;书面语音则以读阳平为更古老层次,读去声是明代之后的变化。这一新结论与《中原音韵》清入归上的矛盾可以用周德清对清入归派根据"中原之音"作了统一化的处理来解释。

It is a common feature shared by Beijing Mandarin,Northeast Mandarin and Bao-tang subgroup of Jilu Mandarin that the ancient voiceless falling tone words in these areas all evolved into the four tones.Previous research on this tone evolution mainly focuses on Beijing Mandarin,and there is an absence of a comprehensive contrast of the three dialects,not to mention a complete study of their differences.This paper starts with grouping the words with ancient voiceless falling tone according to their present tones and finds some rules of their changes.Those evolving into even-going and falling-rising tones are usually common spoken words while those evolving into rising and dipping tones are usually common written words.Most of the common spoken words are even-going tone,among which most are verbs and some are nouns.The falling-rising tone words are fewer than a half of the even-going,and most of them are nouns.Based on this fact we conclude that in the three areas the even-going tone evolution happened earlier than that of falling-rising tone.As far as the common written words are concerned,the rising tone evolution happened earlier and the evolution into dipping tone appeared after the Ming Dynasty.Zhou De-qing,the author of Zhongyuan Yinyun,had a different opinion that the ancient voiceless falling tone words evolved into only falling-rising tone,mainly because the phonetics data he investigated came from the central area of China and he made the description accordingly in the rhythm dictionary.