皇权膨胀下士人群体意识的觉醒及内部分裂——由万历辅臣子弟禁考案说起

The Group Consciousness and Group Division of the Bureaucracy When Imperial Power Was Expanding in Late Ming Dynasty——on the Perspective of Forbidding the Son of Cabinet'Staff to Participate in the Imperial Examinations

有明一代皇权膨胀,皇帝为满足私欲,往往撇开官僚群体,利用宦官等私人行权,形成对体制规则的冲击和破坏。作为一种本能反应,士大夫集团内部出现了渐趋明确的群体认同意识,由此导致了君臣之间的疏离和一定程度的对抗。明代尤其是晚明士人主体以自身生存所依赖的文化资本和官僚体制来约束皇权,争取部门职权和行政程序相对于皇权的独立,即权力的客观化,实际上是在尝试构建对君权进行制度化约束的君臣权力关系新格局,这与传统君臣相处之道和皇权运作方式是矛盾的,不仅不可能被君主接受,亦不被皇权的趋附者及皇权维护者接受,由此导致了官僚群体间裂痕的产生。这是把握晚明官场生态和政治权力斗争之特点,进而更深刻地理解这一段历史的关键所在。

Imperial Power was expanding in Late Ming Dynasty. To meet the desires, the emperor was regardless of bureaucratic groups, using private right, impacting and destructing the system rules. Accordingly, the group identity consciousness of bureaucracy tended to be clear. They restricted imperial power depending on their cultural capital and bureaucracy system,asking for the objectification of the power, prevent the emperor interfering with the department administration. This was actually trying to build new monarch-subject relationship, which was contradictory to the operation of the imperial power. Therefore, it could not be accepted by the monarch and officials who maintained the power of emperors, which leaded to the group division of the bureaucracy. This is the key to understanding the history of the political power struggle in the late Ming Dynasty.