马克思人类中心主义生态意蕴解析——兼论格伦德曼对马克思人类中心主义的辩护

Comment on the Ecological Implication in Marx's Anthropocentrism——Discuss Grundamn's Defense of Marx's Anthropocentrism

生态中心主义和人类中心主义是20世纪人类在面对生态危机时两种不同的视角。一些生态主义学者认为马克思的人类中心主义缺少生态意识,只是单纯从人类利益出发考虑问题。英国生态学马克思主义者格伦德曼反对此观点,他从人的存在、人的需要和人的本质三个方面分析了马克思人类中心主义所蕴含的生态意蕴,指出人类中心主义虽然强调人的生存和发展在整个生物圈中处于中心地位,但这不代表其排斥和否认其他非人类存在物的需要和利益,而是把这种需要和利益作为实现人类整体利益的必要前提和手段。人类不可能无视自然规律,对自然进行任意的开采和掠夺,而应在尊重生命、尊重生态规律的前提下,按照人类能够在自然界中长久生存和发展的要求来处理人和自然的关系,将自然合情合理地为人类所用。

Ecocentrism and anthropocentrism are two different perspectives held by human beings when in the face of the ecological crisis in the 20th century. Some ecological scholars believe that Marx's anthropocentrism lacks ecological consciousness, it just considers a problem from human interests. Grundmann opposed this point of view. He analyzed the ecological implication in Marx’s anthropocentrism from three aspects which included the existence, the needs, and the inner self of human beings, and then he pointed out that even though the anthropocentrism emphasized the existence and development of human beings is in the center of the whole biosphere, that doesn't mean it rejects or denies the other creatures’ needs and interests besides the human beings, but to take all the needs and interests into consideration as the premise and necessity to achieve the whole interests of human beings. It’s impossible for us to exploit and plunder the nature without considering the natural law. Under the premise of respecting life and ecological laws, we should deal with the relationship between human being and nature according to requirement of human’s long-term survival and development, and exploit the nature fairly and reasonably.