东欧新马克思主义历史伦理化的尝试

The Attempts for the Ethicization of History by Neo-Marxism in Eastern Europe

文明与历史变得岌岌可危的20世纪以一种极端的形式表征了人与历史相断裂进而历史成为人的异化力量这一重要现象。于是,如何跨越横亘于人与历史之间的鸿沟便成了东欧新马克思主义理论家思考的基本问题之一。在他们看来,客观主义的历史编撰学和抽象思辨的历史哲学都将人的责任从历史中抽离出去进而否定了人的历史和历史性。由此,他们主张将历史伦理化,即通过个体的道德责任将人与历史统一起来。一方面,他们在现代的偶然性境况中和人性的深处寻找历史伦理化的可能条件;另一方面,他们通过将个体责任本体论化,进而在存在层面和历史层面将责任全面引入历史,以期将历史还给人自身。东欧新马克思主义将历史伦理化的尝试很难说是完全成功的,但这种努力所表达的人道主义精神却是弥足珍贵的。

In the 20th century when civilization and history were precarious, the discontinuity between people and history arrived at an extreme where history became the alienating force against people. Hence how to bridge the chasm between people and history has been one of the cardinal issues pondered by the Neo-Marxism theoreticians in Eastern Europe. From their perspective, both the objective historiography and the abstract speculative philosophy of history dissociate the responsibility of people from history and further to deny the history and the historic nature of people, by which they claim to ethicize history, in other words, to unify people and history through the moral responsibilities of individuals. On one hand, they seek for possible conditions for the ethicization of history from modern occasional situations and deep inside human nature. On the other hand, they introduce responsibility into history in an all-round way from the aspects of existence and history through ontological rendering of individual responsibility with a view to returning history to people themselves. It is hard to gauge that the attempts of ethicizing history by the Neo-Marxism in Eastern Europe is a complete success, but the humanitarianism demonstrated by the attempts is ever more valuable.