绿色边缘:宋代江湖士人的文化

Green Edge:The Culture of Scholars in the Song Dynasty

宋代以隐士、居士、游士为代表的江湖士人,是知识分子的一种常规存在形态。他们普遍拥有较高的文化水平,或经学研究和诗文创作并茂,或博览群书、博学多闻,或为不容忽视的藏书家,或为成就突出、影响诗坛的著名诗人并曾在音乐史上做出重大贡献的音乐家。其主要文化特点,即特立独行、淡泊名利、追求自然。这种士人本真的存在方式,在中国文化中具有很高的价值:充分表达了做人的尊严和自由,不仕的高尚使之占据了道德高地,作为独立知识分子最可贵的是独立思考,其创造的智慧弥足珍贵。宋代江湖士人比前代大为增多,是一个难以估量的巨大数字。宋代江湖士人自我边缘化即田园化、民间化,虽身处民间,却神居云端,有所不为而后有所为,他们代表着民间文化和民间知识分子的精神高度,于官场有无用之用,为传统文化增添了一股别样的精气神。

The scholars of the Song Dynasty,represented by hermits,laymen,and wanderers,are all a regular form of intellectuals.They generally have a high level of literacy,or a study of scholastics and poetry,or a group of books,knowledgeable,or cannot ignore the book collectors,or a famous poet who has made great achievements and influenced the poetry,and made major contributions to the history of music.Its main cultural characteristics are maverick,indifferent to fame and fortune,and the pursuit of nature.This kind of scholars’true existence has a high value in Chinese culture:it fully expresses the dignity and freedom of being a human being,and the nobleness of the unofficial condition makes it occupy the moral high ground and as the independent intellectual,which is the most valuable independent thinking and creation.The wisdom is precious.In the Song Dynasty,the number of scholars in the rivers and lakes increased greatly compared with the previous generation.It is a huge number that is difficult to estimate.The self-marginalization of the scholars in the Song and Song Dynasties was idyllic and folk.Although they were in the folk,lived in the clouds,and they did something,representing the spiritual height of folk culture and folk intellectuals.It has no use in officialdom,and adds a different kind of spirit to traditional culture.