明清戏曲对“奇节之孝”的书写策略

The Writing Strategy of “Extreme Filial Piety” in the Opera in the Ming and Qing Dynasty

孝道宣传是中华文明史上历时最长、规模最大、影响最为深远的一场文化动员活动,戏曲是其中不可或缺的一环。明清戏曲在进行孝道宣传时,最为津津乐道的题材就是"奇节之孝",即那些割股、卖儿、千里寻亲或出现奇异孝感现象等超乎常情的孝行,并在艺术形态、传播方式和创作意图的共同作用下,采取了"树立榜样"的书写策略,以完成"劝诫俗众"的教化目的。这样的书写策略与戏曲的"中间态"文化特征密切相关,显示了戏曲文化对孝道内涵的独特诠释,也体现了戏曲在封建社会道德教育和文化动员中独特的"中介"作用。当代社会的道德文化建设中,戏曲所书写的"奇节之孝"早已被摒弃,但其进行道德宣传的策略仍然值得借鉴:任何时代都需要榜样来引导建构社会的道德范式;树立榜样需要"介质",才能引导公众从道德理念走向道德实践;而只有因循不同受众、不同介质的偏好和特性,介质才能真正发挥中介作用,在公众思维模式中生成共有的、符合权力期待和社会期待的价值规范,完成社会教化与民众认同的融合。

The propaganda of the standards of filial piety is the longest cultural mobilization activities that had the largest scale and the deepest influence in the history of Chinese civilization.Opera is an indispensable part.When the operas were propagating filial piety in the Ming and Qing dynasty,the most commonly used theme is"extreme filial piety",such as"cutting thigh","selling son","seeking relatives in a thousand miles"or other extraordinary filial piety that has had strange appearance of filial piety.Under the joint action of art forms,mode of communication and creative intention,it has adopted the writing strategy of"setting agood example"in order to accomplish the educational purpose of"admonishing the public".Such writing strategy is closely related to the cultural characteristics"Intermediate state"of opera.It reveals the unique interpretation to the connotation of filial piety by opera culture.And it also embodies that opera has had the unique"intermediary"effect in feudal society moral education and cultural mobilization.In the moral culture construction in contemporary society,"extreme filial piety"written by opera had been abandoned.But its strategy of conducting moral propaganda is still worth using for reference.Good example is needed to guide construction of moral paradigm in any era."Media"is needed to set an example and media could guide the people from moral concept to moral practice.Media really plays an intermediary role only by following up different audience,the preference and characteristic of different media.The mutual value specification that is generated by public thinking mode accords with the expectation of rights social expectation and complete the melting of social education and popular identity.