师夷长技与中国近现代科技转型

To Learn the Superior Skills of the Barbarians and the Transition of Science and Technology in Modern China

自晚清直至民国,内忧外患,形势艰危。国人之先进者,自觉技不如人,学习西方,实现中国科技和教育从传统到近现代的转型,成为目标明确、锲而不舍的追求。此乃西学东渐第二波,称之为"师夷长技"。本文记叙和分析这一艰难卓绝的历史实践,把它分为晚清前期、清末时期、袁世凯和北洋政府时期、国民政府时期。这四个时期践行师夷长技的特点各有不同。细加审视,本文试图清楚分辨出中国近现代科技转型的若干主要节点。总之,此百年间,思想杂呈,但对于师夷长技,却是愈挫愈坚。学习、移植、再造,不耻于以对手为师,不畏惧险阻反复,科技和教育转型竟成国人无悔的基本选择。

From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, our nation faced with the severe reality of both domestic strife and foreign aggression. The advanced Chinese, finding that their skills are inferior to those of others, began to learn from the West and set the goal and pursuit of achieving the transformation of Chinese science and technology and education from tradition to modern times. This is the second wave of Western learning spreading to the east, which is called"Learning the superior skills of the Barbarians". This paper analyses this difficult and extraordinary historical transformation process, and divides this process into the early late Qing Dynasty, the late Qing Dynasty, the period of Yuan Shikai and the Beiyang Government, and the period of the National Government. These four periods have different characteristics in learning the Barbarians' superior skills. After careful verification , this paper tries to identify critical nodes of the transformation of modern science and technology in China. In short, although there are various ideas in the past hundred years, the more frustrations the Chinese people encounter, the more they stick to learn the Barbarians' superior skills. Learning, transplanting, not being ashamed of taking opponents as teachers, not fearing repeated risks and obstacles, and the transformation of science and technology and education has become the basic choice of the Chinese people without regret.