蕴涵、预设的确定和判别之再思考——以疑问句为例

Revisited Distinction Between Entailment and Presupposition: With Reference to Interrogative Sentences

对于疑问句中蕴涵和预设的确定,语言类的触发语和信息类的触发语有各自的适用范围。前者可以在词汇层面确定句子的蕴涵和预设,后者可以有效确定对补语和状语提问的非特殊疑问句、what做复杂宾语、疑问词做状语等句子的蕴涵和预设。要判别疑问句的蕴涵和预设,否定检验法仍然部分适用,而逆向否定检验法则可以解决绝大部分问题。对四大类疑问句的蕴涵和预设进行实例分析和检验,发现不同类型的疑问句会有不同种类的蕴涵和预设,需要借助相应的触发语和判别方法进行具体句子具体分析。

Both language and information devices of trigger play respective role in the distinction of entailment and presupposition of the interrogatives. Language devices can be used to make clear entailment and presupposition from lexical level. Information devices can make clear entailment and presupposition of those non-wh-interrogatives in which the complement or the adverbial is put into question, those what-question in which what functions as complex object and those in which the interrogative word functions as the adverbial. The negation test can be partly adopted to distinguish entailment from presupposition in the interrogatives. The reverted negation test, for example, is valid for the issue. By studying the entailment and presupposition of the four types of interrogatives with specific corpus, it is found that with the type of interrogatives differing, there arise various kinds of entailment and presupposition. With the help of triggering devices and testing and sentence by sentence analysis, what kind of entailment and presupposition exist in a sentence can be determined.