从茶的视角看俺答汗时期的蒙古社会生活

Observing Mongolian Social Life in the Ming Dynasty from the Perspective of the Altan Khan and Tea

物质文化研究是20世纪80年代以来西方人类学界开启的关于"物"在社会文化中价值的讨论,以美国人类学家、社会学家阿尔君·阿帕杜莱(Arjun Appadurai)为代表,对物的社会生命史进行追踪研究。具体到蒙古社会,从俺答汗请开茶市到仰华寺会盟,土默特蒙古从与明朝争夺西番的控制权转为因接受藏传佛教而重塑蒙古社会结构,茶从"御番"之物成为蒙古社会的奢侈之物。拟用人类学的物质研究方法,以16世纪蒙古的茶为第一视角,通过对被看作神圣之物、交换之物的茶在蒙古地区的作用的分析,来窥探藏传佛教传入蒙古后给其社会生活带来的变迁。

The study of material culture is a discussion about the value of"things"in social culture since the 1980s in anthropology.It is represented by Arjun Appadurai and traces the social life of objects.In Mongo lian areas,Altan Khan's asking for tea trade was refused by Ming Dynasty,so he changed his mind from trying to control the Fanzi in Qinghai and Gansu Province to accepting Tibetan Buddhism in 1500s,in order to rebuild the Mongolian societies.Tea has turned the image from the thing of controlling Fanzi to the luxury in Mongolian societies.Using the method of material research,this article intends to analyze the functions of tea as a sainted thing and a reciprocal one in the sight of'tea'itself,in order to look for the changes in Mongolian social life at that time under the Tibetan Buddhism.