吐鲁番出土文书疑难字词新考

A New Textual Research on the Difficult Words in the Unearthed Documents of Turfan

吐鲁番出土文书中有一些疑难字词至今未得其解,今拈出数词并进行训释。"耒牛"乃"耒"和"牛"的合称,指"耒"这种耕作农具和牛;"秋"指秋天成熟收获的粮食,尤指粟;"麦秋""秋麦"是联合词组,"麦"指夏天收获的大麦及青麦,"秋"指秋天收获的、粟。"秋菜"即秋天成熟收割的蔬菜;"秋田"即秋天收获粮食的田地;"秋苗"、"秋青苗"即唐代赋税名,根据《唐六典》卷三"仓部郎官"条,每年户别"具所种苗顷亩,造青苗簿",为地税征收依据,据吐鲁番出土文书中的"佃人文书"和"堰头牒",青苗簿往往按照灌溉系统的渠堰编制,由管理水利的堰头向上级申报,簿中记载该堰头所管渠水灌溉系统诸户青苗亩数、自佃人和佃人姓名,以及田亩四至和作物种类,以征收地税;"秋青苗"即秋熟粮食赋税,"秋苗"即"秋青苗";"仁"即"儿",常常见于人名的最后一字;"■"即"三"。

There are some difficult words in Turfan’s unearthed documents that have not been solved yet. Here I will give some examples to study,“耒牛”is a combination of“耒”and“牛”which mean a kind of farming tools and cattle.“秋(autumn)”refers to the grain harvested in autumn, including wheat and millet,“秋麦Qiu Mai”is a partial phrase referring to mature wheat in autumn;“麦秋maiqiu”is a joint phrase referring to summer harvested barley (green wheat) and autumn harvested, millet or wheat.“Autumn cuisine”is the mature harvested vegetables in autumn;“秋苗qiumiao”“秋青苗Qiuqing Miao”are the tax names of the Tang Dynasty.