江户时期日本对中国传统史学的吸收与改造——以《大日本史》编纂为例

The Acceptance of Chinese Traditional Historiography in the Edo Period of Japan

《大日本史》是日本第一部纪传体史书,以"正闰皇统,是非人臣"为目标。从日本最早的史书《日本书纪》到《大日本史》编纂的前、后期,中国传统史学的影响始终存在,且有不同作用。其中"天子授时、定正朔以布臣民"的正统观念一以贯之。《大日本史》批判《日本书纪》用谶纬理论构建正统的做法,主张以过往历史的完整呈现来辨明"天祖之正统"。在《大日本史》编纂前期,以中国史学传统为圭臬构建日本之国史。到修史后期,为了强化日本"优越的国体"特性,史臣在本纪部分的开篇重新构建了一条天神传承序列,以此说明日本万世一系的成立。《大日本史》的编纂过程,展现了一个受中国传统史学影响书写历史框架,再填入神道元素以建构"皇国"观的受容过程。

Dai Nihon Shi was the first biographical history book in Japan,which aimed at"identifying the legitimacy,judging the liegeman".From the earliest history books in Japan to the compilation of Dai Nihon Shi,the influence of traditional Chinese historiography had always existed and played different roles.Among them,the legitimacy concept had been permanently coherent.The compilers of Dai Nihon Shi believed the whole process of history itself could show the existence of orthodoxy.In the early period of the compilation of Dai Nihon Shi,the history of Japan was built with the tradition of Chinese historiography.In the later years,to strengthen the characteristics of Japan’s"superior nationality",Japanese compilers reconstructed a sequence of the gods in the opening part.This showed the establishment of Japan’s continuing orthodoxy.The compilation process of Dai Nihon Shi revealed a process of accepting of the Chinese traditional historiography and adding the elements of the Shinto into the construction of the Imperial concept.