上古汉语虚词溯源与转语平行互证法——以九组常见虚词为例

The Etymology of Function Words in Archaic Chinese and the Parallel Mutual Corroboration Method of ‘Zhuanyu’:Taking nine groups of commonly used function words as examples

戴震《转语二十章序》取虚词为例,按照意义和古音两条系联标准,用平行互证的方法重点证明了上古时地音变的一种类型——"位同",即发音部位发生了演变而发音方法保持不变。在"义同"的前提下,这种平行互证法可以证明上古发生过规律性音变、字形也发生过相应改变的虚词同源词。平行互证法是一种科学的、具有严密的推理逻辑的方法,戴震的平行互证具有由表及里的多层次证明逻辑。运用戴震的这种方法和结论对九组常用虚词的语源和声转渠道的规律性进行探讨,发现上古汉语虚词的声纽相通渠道主要有泥匣相转、泥喻相转、匣/疑与喻相转,韵转渠道主要有鱼之相转、歌鱼相转、歌通过鱼与之相转。

In the "Preface to the Twenty Chapters of 'Zhuanyu'",DAI Zhen took function words as examples, followed two connection standards of the meaning and archaic Chinese pronunciation, and adopted the parallel mutual corroboration method to prove "weitong", one type of the time-place phonological change in the ancient times with evolved pronunciation position but unchanged pronunciation method. On the premise of "yitong(synonymy)", the parallel mutual corroboration method can be used to verify relations between cognate words which have undergone regular pronunciation change in ancient, and the glyphs also have been correspondingly different. DAI Zhen's parallel mutual corroboration method is scientific and rigorous. It has multi-level logic from surface to inside. In this study, DAI Zhen's method is adopted to analyze the nine groups of commonly used function words and to discuss the etymology and pronunciation conversion types.It is found that the conversion on initials includes the interconversion of Ni-Xia, Ni-Yu and Xia/Yi-Yu, while the conversion on finals includes the interconversion of Yu-Zhi, Ge-Yu, and Ge-Yu-Zhi.