弱司法审查是中国实施宪法的蹊径吗——“合宪性审查工作体系化”的提出

Whether Soft Judicial Review Is a Wayfor China to Implement Its Constitution——The Introduction of "SystemizedConstitutional Review Work"

出于为我国宪法实施"找出路"的初衷,学者们将源自英联邦国家的弱司法审查制度引入了中国。就其本相而言,弱司法审查制度是以保障公民权利为目标,以政府、议会和法院分别承担权利保障责任为内容的制度体系。国内的相关研究忽视了政府的作用,没有清楚地认识该制度的功能定位,在研究方法上存在描述性与规范性的混同。事实上,当前我国实施宪法的主要目标是通过合宪性审查维护法制统一。弱司法审查给我国的启示是,"议会(人大)至上"不等于它要对所有的问题事必躬亲,不宜将对合宪性审查的功能期待全部置于宪法和法律委员会一身,而是应当直面我国立法与司法的真实过程,根据各级立法与司法主体的实际能力,使其承担相应的合宪性审查职责,构建体系化的合宪性审查工作机制。在规范和功能维度上均能得到论证,而这不是对域外经验的机械复制。

In order to find a new way for implementation of theConstitution of China, some scholarshave introduced the soft judicial review system from Commonwealth countriesto China. In essence, the soft judicial review system aims at protecting citizens’ rights and contains the content that the government, parliament and court undertake their responsibilities respectively to guarantee rights. Chinese scholars’ studies on this system overlooked the role of the government, did not clearly understand the functions of such system,and confusedly adopted the descriptive or normative research method. In fact, the main goal of implementing the Constitution of China is to safeguard the unification of the legal system through constitutional review. What China could learn from the soft judicial review is that " parliamentary( People’s Congress) supremacy" does not mean that a parliament sees to everything itself. It is not appropriate to put all the function expectation of constitutional review on the Constitution and Law Committee. Instead, we should face the real legislative and judicial process in China, and let legislative and judicial organs at all levels undertake their corresponding constitutional review responsibilities according to their actual abilities, thus setting up a systematic mechanism for constitutional review. Such mechanism is not a mechanical replication of extraterritorial experience, but can be justified in both normative and functional dimensions.