欧洲能源联盟建设及对未来俄欧能源关系的影响

The Construction of European Energy Union and Its Influence on the Future Energy Relations between Russia and Europe

俄罗斯和欧盟互为重要的能源合作伙伴,双方在地缘战略方面存在竞争与合作,既相互依存又相互矛盾。21世纪以来,俄欧能源关系几经波折,近期因乌克兰危机陷入困境。俄欧能源摩擦反映的是两个政治经济行为体之间的利益冲突,能源市场运作方式难以摆脱地缘政治因素的影响。欧盟在表示尊重市场自由化竞争原则的同时,也常常通过条约或指令的方式对市场进行干预。为防范地缘政治变动导致的能源供应短缺风险,欧盟于2015年2月宣布成立能源联盟,奉行市场与地缘政治相结合的"弹性能源政策"。欧洲能源联盟建设的推进不仅需要成员国间共同的政治意愿,在对外政策上也需要协调与中东欧国家和俄罗斯的地缘政治关系。未来的俄欧能源关系不是单纯的市场力量所能主导的,必然会受到欧盟内部成员国间不同的利益诉求、俄欧间复杂的地缘政治经济关系与安全战略矛盾的制约。

Russia and the EU are each other's important energy cooperation partners. The competition and cooperation between the two sides in geostrategic aspects are both interdependent and contradictory. Since the beginning of the 21^st century, Russia-EU energy relations have experienced twists and turns, the crisis in Ukraine has made it worse. The energy friction between Russia and the EU reflects the conflict of interests between the two political and economic actors, the way energy markets work is hard to shake off geopolitics. While showing respect for the principle of market liberalization and competition, the EU often intervenes in the market through treaties or directives. In order to prevent the risk of energy supply shortage caused by geopolitical changes, the EU announced the establishment of an energy union in February 2015, which pursues a "flexible energy policy" combining market and geopolitics. The building of the EU’s energy union requires not only the common political will of the member states, but also the coordination of geopolitical relations with Central and Eastern European countries and Russia in terms of foreign policies. The energy relationship between Russia and the EU in the future cannot be dominated by pure market forces, and will inevitably be restricted by the different interest demands of EU member states, the complex geopolitical and economic relations between Russia and the EU and the contradiction of security strategy.