近距煤层高效保水开采理论与方法

Theories and methods of efficiency water conservation mining in short-distance coal seams

地下煤炭资源开采极易导致珍贵的浅表水资源流失,从而造成地表植被死亡和生态系统失衡。为保护维系西部矿区生态环境的浅表层水(河流湖泊水和第四系砂层潜水),尤其是为保护地下潜水(生态)水位,基于前期已取得的浅埋单一煤层保水开采理论成果和岩层控制工程经验,提出保(生态)水位和突水防治一体化的近距煤层水资源保护性采煤构想。以"高效保水采煤"为目标,针对近距煤层与极近距浅表水下开采条件,研究解决反复开采扰动区区域覆岩导水裂隙协同控制、极薄阻隔层低损伤控制,以及采掘面涌(突)水灾害监测预警等技术难题。提出长壁保水采煤方法、壁式连采连充保水采煤方法和采掘面突水红外监测辐射预警方法,实现近距煤层安全高效保水采煤,具体包括近距煤层岩层控制、采动覆岩导水裂隙带高度计算、隔水层变形计算和承载煤岩红外辐射响应等理论和特征,以及反复开采扰动区域导水裂隙控制、充填体主动接顶和"采-支-运"快速作业等技术。最终确定了保水开采薄弱区,形成基于水资源保护的浅埋近距煤层工作面优化布置、采煤方法配置与水资源运移监测的高效采煤理论与方法体系。研究成果已在陕北与华北等矿区进行了保水采煤实践,为实现我国煤炭资源的绿色化开采提供支撑。

The exploitation of underground coal resources can easily lead to the loss of precious shallow water resources,which leads to the death of surface vegetation and the imbalance of ecosystem.To protect the shallow water resources (river,lake and diving of quaternary sand aquifer),which maintains the ecological environment of the western mining area,especially to protect the underground diving (ecological) water level,the concept of water conservation mining in short-distance coal seams was put forward based on the previous theoretical achievements of water conservation mining in shallow single coal seam and the experience of rock control engineering.The concept integrated the protection of ecological water level,and the prevention and control of water inrush.In order to achieve an efficient water conservation mining under the mining conditions of short-distance coal seams and extremely short-distance shallow water resources,this paper studied the technical problems,such as the collaborative control of strata water-conducting fractures in the disturbed area of repeated mining,the low-damage control of ultra-thin barrier layers and the monitoring and warning of water inrush (outburst) on mining surface.The study presented the long wall water conservation mining method,the water conservation mining under continuous mining and filling with wall system and the infrared monitoring and warning methods for water inrush in working face to realize the safe and efficient mining.More specifically,the methods included the strata control of short-distance coal seams,the calculation of the height of water-conduct fractures,the deformation calculation of aquicludes,the infrared radiation theories of loaded coal and rock,the control of water diversion fractures in the disturbed area of repeated mining,the filling body actively connected to the roof and the rapid operation technology among mining,supporting and transportation.Meanwhile,the weak areas of water conservation mining were determined.Based on water resource protection,the optimized working face layout of shallow buried and short-distance coal seams,mining method allocation and water resource movement monitoring,an efficient mining theory was formed.The achievements have been achieved in the practice of water conservation mining in north Shaanxi and north China,which provides supports for green mining in China.