由“国民”到“公民”:中国近代国民教育体系之演变

From Citizen to Civics——The Reflection and Enlightment of China's Modern National Education Reform

中国近代国民教育体系的建构在时间进程上大致经历了三个阶段:以"爱国"为主线的"公德教育",以"修身科"为主导的"公民教育"和以"训育"为核心的"政治教育"。在演变的过程中,"国民"概念逐渐摆脱了"臣民"色彩,趋近于现代意义上的"公民"概念。但"国民"并未成为现实政治实体中的一分子,而被排除在国家政治体制之外,因而"国民教育"亦难逃旧有教育体制的窠臼。教育的问题,在根本上是政治制度问题。不谋求政治制度的根本变革而单纯希冀教育改变国家前途和命运在社会现实面前也就成为空谈。教育应致力于构建适切的公民教育体系,造就真正意义上的公民。但如何构建"适切的"公民教育体系,仍需要不断地反思和持续努力。

The construction of modern national education system experienced three stages: the patriotism of morality education, the moral cultivation of civic education, and the discipline of political education. In the process of evolution, the concept of citizen gradually get rid of subjects color, and change towards the concept of civics in modern sense. However the citizen does not become a part of the political entity. They are excluded from the country's political system. The national education also could not escape the stereotype of the old education system. The issues of education are radically political system problems. It is impossible to solve the educational problems if it doesn't seek a fundamental change in the political system but simply hopes to change the country's future and destiny. Education should aim to build appropriate public education system and create a real sense of citizenship.