马克思的社会阶级论对教育公平研究的影响

The Influence of Marxist Class-based Perspective on the Research of Educational Equality

马克思有鉴于社会阶级的不均等权力关系是导致结构化社会冲突的主因,从而力倡社会正义的实践哲学。由于这种观点对社会不公平提供令人信服的解释,因而形成马克思主义,并导引出许多重要的教育社会学理论。惯习论、编码理论与批判教育学是其中的经典理论,虽然这些理论采取马克思主义路线,但惯习论与编码理论侧重课程知识结构属性的剖析,批判教育学则关注课程内容的意识形态。这些理论的影响力并非单纯取决于马克思主义,还取决于社会情境。因为伴随社会发展,教育不公平并未有明显的改善,这种关联性显示出,社会情境属性在很大程度上影响理论的意义。

For Karl Marx,structured social conflicts derive from the unbalanced power relation of social classes.As this power-led perspective provides a convincing account explaining social inequity,many researchers have adopted this approach and,in turn,Marxism develops and dominates the research of sociology of education.Key theories,such as habitus,code theory and critical pedagogy,can be viewed as milestone of its development.Even though these theories belong to Marxism,there are variations between them because while both habitus and code theory focus on the analysis of curriculum knowledge structure,critical pedagogy addresses ideologies embedded within curriculum contents.This article further argues that the predominant influence of these theories is not simply determined by Marxism but rather due to the fact that educational inequality remains firmly embedded in modern society.This correlation highlights an axiom that the value of individual theories is mainly determined by the social context.