整体性视域下的先决犯罪研究

A Study on Prerequisite Crime from the Holistic Perspective

先决犯罪是指由刑法所设置的,作为本罪成立之必要条件的犯罪种类,其具有判断前置性、构罪必要性、设置法定性的特征。帮助行为正犯化作为一种特殊的立法模式,其与先决犯罪存在与否不具有必然联系。在司法适用中:先决犯罪的认定只需证明犯罪事实存在即可,无需经过审判;根据双层犯罪概念,先决犯罪既包括不法层面的犯罪,又包括不法有责层面的犯罪;本罪构成要件要素对先决犯罪的规定在形式上主要有三种模式,即仅规定"犯罪"一词型、描述特定行为型、列明特定犯罪种类型,各模式中先决犯罪的范围不尽相同,应分别予以认定。在立法改进上:相关构成要件要素的语词表述应更加准确,以消除理解上的分歧;对先决犯罪的指向应更加具体,尽量采取目标明确的规定模式。

The prerequisite crime is a special kind of crime,it is the precondition of the establishment of the principal crime and it stipulated by the criminal law.Prerequisite crime has three characteristics: it has prepositive judgment,it is a necessary condition for the establishment of principal crime and also it is set by law.There is no inevitable connection between taking the aider as principal offender and prerequisite crime.During the judicial application,the identification of prerequisite crime only needs to prove the existence of the fact and no need for trial.According to the two-tier concept of crime,prerequisite crimecontains the crime on illegality level.The constitutive elements of principal crime stipulates prepositive crime in three modes: only stipulate the word “crime”,describe particular behaviors,list specific types of crime,and the scope of prerequisite crimes in each type shall be determined separately.In terms of the legislative improvement,the words of constitutive elements should be expressed more accurately to overcome divergence in understanding and the directive on prerequisite crime should be more specific and try to adopt goal-setting models.