新中国成立以来农村反贫困政策的层次结构与历史变迁

The Hierarchical Structure and Historical Changes of Rural Anti-Poverty Policy Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China

自新中国成立以来,农村反贫困工作取得巨大成就,中国成为世界上减贫成果最为显著的国家。这与政府制定与实施科学合理的反贫困政策密不可分。对新中国成立以来的农村反贫困政策进行分析,可以发现:一方面,中国农村反贫困政策具有三个层次的政策体系,即宏观层面的经济发展政策、中观层面的扶贫开发政策和微观层面的社会保障政策,三个层次在内容构成、政策目标、针对人群、功能性质上均具有差异性。另一方面,中国农村反贫困政策存在着层层演进的五个阶段,即"社会救济"阶段、"制度改革推动扶贫"阶段、"扶贫规范化、专门化"阶段、"开发式扶贫"阶段、"精准扶贫"和"脱贫攻坚"阶段。通过对其层次结构与变迁历史的研究,有助于加深对农村反贫困政策的理解,从而助推农村反贫困事业取得进一步的发展。

Having made tremendous achievements to eliminate rural poverty since foundation,China is universally acknowledged as the most significant country in the campaign of povery alleviation.This is irrefutably attributed to the government’s formulation and implementation of scientific and rational anti-poverty policies.Based on the analysis of rural anti-poverty policies since the foundation of PRC,this paper finds that:(1)Three layers of policy consist of the overall structure,namely the economic development policy of macro level,poverty alleviation policy of median level,and social security policy of micro level,which are differentiated in fields of content,objective,target,and function.(2)Five evolutionary stages have unfolded successively in the practice of poverty alleviation,namely the social relief,the institutional reform to accelerate poverty alleviation,the standardization and specialization of poverty alleviation,the development-oriented poverty alleviation and the targeted poverty alleviation to crack the nut.The study of the hierarchical structure and historical changes is expected to facilitate people’s understanding of rural anti-poverty policies,and then to promote the further development of rural anti-poverty cause.