解放抑或负担:二十世纪五六十年代的计划生育与农村妇女——基于湖南西村的考察

Emancipation or Burden:Birth Control in 1950s-1960s and Rural Women——Basing on Research of Xi Village in Hunan Province

自中华人民共和国成立以来,生育问题就一直与国家现代化建设和发展有着千丝万缕的联系。20世纪五六十年代,计划生育开始在农村实施,农村妇女在这一过程中成为重要的动员对象。许多妇女不仅是学习、宣传避孕知识的主力,还是避孕措施推广的主要对象。由于政府推广的节育避孕观念与农村传统的生育文化相冲突,一方面,使得妇女在新观念与旧思想的夹缝中左右为难,计划生育在当时取得的成绩乏善可陈;另一方面,该时期的计划生育政策为20世纪70年代的"晚、稀、少"生育政策与80年代的"独生子女"政策打下了基础。

Since the People’s Republic of China was founded, reproduction issues have been connected with the construction and development of China’s modernization.The family planning policy began to be implemented in rural areas since the 1950s and 1960s. Many women were not only the main learners and promoters of contraception, but also the main targets of contraceptive promotion.Because of the concept of birth control and contraception promoted by the government conflicts with the traditional fertility culture in rural areas,women are in a dilemma between new ideas and old ideas.Family planning had achieved excellent results at that time. At the same time, the implementation of family planning in the 1950s and 1960s laid the foundation for the policy of “lateness, sparsity, and smallness” in the 1970s and the “only child” policy in the 1980s.