我国社区旅游增权理论框架及模式构建研究——基于西方旅游增权理论研究评述

The Theoretical Framework and Mode Construction of Community Tourism Empowerment in China——Based on the review of Western Tourism Empowerment Theory

西方社区参与模式由于其狭隘的"参与观"以及收益与风险的不对等性等理论缺陷,在大多数发展中国家的实践运用上都陷入了困境。在我国西部民族旅游社区,由于落后的经济基础、居民民主意识的缺乏、参与能力低下、参与制度不健全等因素导致了社区参与目的单一性、参与意愿的被动性、参与方式的无效性、利益分配的弱势性等问题,而使社区增权理论受到了更为广泛的重视。通过对西方社区增权理论及相关文献进行梳理,从增权理论的概念及内涵、增权的层次、内容及路径进行系统的分析和评述,并构建适应中国国情的社区旅游增权理论框架模式:我国社区旅游增权在内涵上应包括"权利、权力、权能以及权益"四位一体增权理念;在增权层次上包括"个人层面的权能增权"、"组织层面的权力增权"以及"社区层面的权利增权";在增权路径上通过"制度增权"来解决"权利失败"的问题、"信息增权"来回答"怎样参与"的问题以及"教育增权"解决"参与能力"的问题。籍此形成,包括宏观、中观、微观三个层面;包括个人增权、组织增权、社区增权三个层级;包括政治增权、社会增权、心理增权及经济增权四维内容体系以及包括制度增权、信息增权、教育增权三条路径的较为完善的社区旅游增权框架及模式。进一步研究指出,我国社区旅游增权中的"权"的内涵中"权利"是实现社区参与的根本保障,"权力"及"权能"是实现社区参与的技术手段,"权益"的增加是实现"社区旅游参与"的根本目标;在增权内容上其中政治增权是需要从法的高度增加社区居民参与的法理规定;在增权对象上集体增权优先于个人增权,因此必须首先进行社区权利增权,组织权力增权才会获得依据,个人权能及权益增加才会最终实现的"自上而下"(Top-down)受权体系;增权路径上必须通过宏观制度增权来实现政治增权,信息增权及教育增权才能最终得到有效实现,其中制度增权上需通过完善现有的土地集体所有制,实现土地"三权分置"产权制度之变革以及完善物权法,构建旅游吸引物权等手段来实现。

Because of its narrow“participation view”and the theoretical defects of the asymmetry between benefits and risks,the western community participation mode has met the practical application difficulties in most developing countries.Due to the backward economic foundation,the lack of democratic consciousness of residents,the low ability of participation,the imperfect participation system and other factors,which lead to many problems,such as the single purpose of community participation,the passivity of participation will,the inefficiency of participation methods,and the disadvantage of benefit distribution etc.,the theory of community empowerment has been paid more attention in the ethnic tourism communities in Western China.This paper makes a systematic analysis and comment on the theoretical study of“Western Community Tourism Empowerment”from its concept and connotation,structure,content and path of empowerment in order to build a theoretical framework of community tourism empowerment that adapts to China’s national conditions.China’s community tourism empowerment should include the four-dimensional connotation of“Right”,“Authority”,“Capacity”and“Interests”.At the empowerment level,it should include“personal ability improvement”,“organizational authority empowerment”and“community power empowerment”.On the path of empowerment,we can solve the problem of“failure of rights”through“System Empowerment”and“Information Empowerment”to answer the question of“how to participate”and“Education Empowerment”to solve the problem of“ability to participate”.Thus,it forms a relatively perfect framework and model of community tourism empowerment,including macro,meso and micro levels,and a three-level model including:personal empowerment,organizational empowerment,and community empowerment,and a four-dimensional content system of political empowerment,social empowerment,psychological empowerment and economic empowerment,as well as three paths including:system empowerment,information empowerment and educational empowerment.This study draws the main conclusions:1)Among the connotation of this theory,“Right”is the fundamental guarantee,“Authority”and“Capacity”are the technical means,the increase of“Interests”is the fundamental goal to realize“community tourism participation”.2)Collective empowerment takes precedence over individual empowerment in the object of empowerment.Therefore,community empowerment must be carried out first,so that organizational empowerment can be based on,and individual empowerment and rights increase can ultimately realize the“Top-down”empowerment system.3)In terms of the content of empowerment,political empowerment refers to the legal provisions that need to increase community residents’participation from the height of law.4)On the path of empowerment,we must first carry out macro-system empowerment to achieve political empowerment,and only in this way can information empowerment and education empowerment be realized most effectively.The system empowerment needs to be achieved by improving the existing collective ownership of land,realizing the reform of the property right system of“separation of three rights”of land,perfecting the property law,and constructing tourism attracting property rights.