由重土地资源开发到开发与保护并重——近代美国土地政策演变的考察

An Investigation on the Evolution of Modern American Land Policy

美国建国后至19世纪70年代前的土地政策,是单一的以土地资源为基础的农业开发为导向,目的是解决财政收入、鼓励移民西迁、促进农业开发,进而促进美国经济发展,这一阶段对土地的利用基本上是只开发不保护。这种土地政策一方面促进了美国西部土地的迅速开发和经济的快速发展,但另一方面也带来了一系列生态问题,严重影响了美国经济的进一步发展。经过近百年发展,19世纪70年代至20世纪初,美国土地政策日臻完善,逐步走上了开发与保护并重的道路。

The land policy from the founding of the United States to the 1970 s focused on agricultural development centering merely on land resources in order to sustain fiscal revenue,encourage immigration to the west,and promote agricultural and economic development. At this stage the land is utilized via development instead of protection,and this land policy has pushed forward the rapid land and economic development in the western United States at the high cost of ecological problems which have seriously affected the further development of the US economy. After a hundred years of efforts,from the 1970 s to the beginning of the 20th century,the US land policy was improved day by day,and gradually embarked on the road of equal emphasis on development and protection.