全量秸秆粉碎条铺与种带分型清秸装置设计与试验

Design and Test of Equipment for Straw Crushing with Strip-laying and Seed-belt Classification with Cleaning under Full Straw Mulching

为全面实现秸秆禁烧还田资源化利用,针对长江中下游稻麦轮作区秸秆量大、传统秸秆粉碎还田机后茬作物播种难、缠秸增阻、功耗高等问题,结合江苏地区稻茬地小麦播种农艺要求,利用动刀高速反转捡拾粉碎功能形成秸秆流充斥型腔,设计了一种全量秸秆粉碎条铺与种带分型清秸装置,可一次完成秸秆粉碎、行间覆秸、种带清秸以及配套后续种床整理、施肥播种、覆土镇压等复式作业工序。对秸秆捡拾粉碎装置、分流调控装置、传动系统等关键部件进行理论分析,确定相关结构和位置参数,以旋转刀轴转速n、导流板径向距离τ、整机行走速度v为性能试验影响因素,选取碎秸合格率ε_1和种带清秸率ε_2为评价指标,设计三因素三水平正交试验。结果表明:影响评价指标ε_1、ε_2显著性的主次因素分别为n、v、τ和τ、v、n,综合分析选择较优的因素水平组合为n=2 000 r/min、τ=20 mm、v=1. 0 m/s,此时ε_1=93. 42%、ε_2=92. 71%,能够发挥整机最佳工作性能;田间验证试验结果表明:较优的因素水平组合下ε_1均值为91. 25%、ε_2均值为90. 54%,符合相关行业技术标准和农艺要求。

Crop straw non-burning and returning has become one of the most important moves for comprehensive realization of straw resource utilization. Aimed at problems of large quantity of straw stalks, difficult sowing of later crops, wrapped straw and high-power consumption by using traditional straw crushing-returning machine for rice and wheat rotation region in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river, straw crushing and seed-belt classification machine under full straw mulching was developed in combination with the agronomic requirements of wheat seeding in rice-stubble field in Jiangsu Province. One trip to the field, it can complete the multiple operation processes of straw-stubble crushing, row-spacing stacking, seed-belt cleaning, and the follow-up seed bed treating, fertilizer sowing, soil covering and suppressing, etc. Key components such as straw pickup-chopping device, guide-adjusting device and transmission route system were designed and analyzed theoretically to determine the relevant structure and position parameters. Three-factor and three-level orthogonal performance test was carried out with setting rotation spindle speed n(A), guider radial distance τ(B) and machine ground speed v(C) as the influence factors, straw crushed rate ε 1 and stubble cleaned rate ε 2 as the evaluation indexes. It can be known from the orthogonal test that the importance order of the factors which affecting ε 1 was A, C and B , and that affecting ε 2 was B, C and A , the comprehensive choice optimum combination of working parameters was A 2 B 2 C 2 , that was n =2 000 r/min,τ=20 mm, v =1.0 m/s, and ε 1 =93.42%,ε 2 =92.71%, the machine reached the best working performance. Field validation tests under optimum parameter combination showed that the average ε 1 and ε 2 were 91.25% and 90.54%, respectively, which satisfied the technical standards and agronomy requirements. The research results can provide technical and equipment support for the realization of straw non-burning and fertilization utilization, which had considerable production and application prospects.