超越自由主义:建设和平的多元论争

Beyond Liberalism:A Pluralistic Debate on Peacebuilding

自由主义建设和平的逻辑大致基于三个相互联结的论题:"脆弱国家"威胁论、安全—发展联结与"民主和平论"。"脆弱国家"威胁论和安全—发展联结彰显外部干预的正当性和合法性;"民主和平论"则提出了干预的方向和诊疗的药方,即以自由主义为理论支撑的解决方案。"和平建设者"的任务是推动政治和经济改革,将一个饱受战争蹂躏的国家转变为市场经济的自由民主国家。但自由主义建设和平的重大缺陷是,它将运转良好的国家的存在视为给定条件。干预模板内在所包含的多重议程和多重目标,多种行为体的参与及其政策的不同偏好,也弱化了建设和平的预期效果,甚至适得其反。对自由主义建设和平的外部批评大致集中在三方面:忽视干预客体的现实与建设和平之间的内在机理,导致无效干预;反映了西方中心主义及其权力优势,再现了国际社会的权力等级体系;对人的解放关注不足。2001年以来,关注地方、地方参与甚至地方自主的声音明显增强,建设和平的地方化趋势加快。当然,地方视角应该被纳入建设和平,成为其整体方案的一部分,但不应被想象为解决问题的灵丹妙药。

The logic of liberal peacebuilding is based on three interlinked propositions:the fragile state threat,the security-development nexus,and the democratic peace theory. While the first two highlight the legitimacy and legality of external intervention,the last one proposes the direction of intervention and offers the ultimate remedy supported by liberalism. The task of peacebuilders is to promote political and economic reform and transform a war-torn country into a free and democratic one with a market economy.But the big flaw in liberal peacebuilding is that it regards the existence of a well-functioning state as a given condition.The multiple agendas and objectives inherent in the intervention template and the participation of multiple actors and their different policy preferences often weaken the expected effect of peacebuilding and may even backfire and produce the opposite result.External criticism mainly focuses on three faults of liberal peacebuilding:neglecting the intrinsic mechanism between the reality of the interfered party and peacebuilding which often results in ineffective intervention,reflecting western centrism and superiority and reproducing the power hierarchy of the international community,and paying insufficient attention to human liberation.Since 2001,the voice of concern about the local participation and even local autonomy has grown markedly,and the trend of localization in peacebuilding has accelerated.This paper agrees that the local perspective should be incorporated into peacebuilding as part of its overall approach,but it should not be conceived as a panacea to all problems.