北极地区斯瓦尔巴群岛渔业保护区争端分析

A Review of Disputes on Svalbard Fishery Protection Zone

美国、苏联及挪威等国签订的关于斯瓦尔巴群岛主权安排的《斯瓦尔巴条约》,未能终结缔约国之间的利益纷争。挪威在斯瓦尔巴群岛建立渔业保护区并行使管辖权的举动引起其他缔约国关注,双方就其行为的权利合法性及《斯约》适用范围产生争端并持续至今。挪威在考量与利益相关者关系后,在斯瓦尔巴群岛建立了渔业保护区而非专属经济区。缔约国基于各自利益,对挪威建立的渔业保护区持保留、有限支持等态度。渔业保护区建立后,挪威采取争取盟友支持、引入配额捕捞制度及加强执法等措施,维护其权利。对挪威在斯瓦尔巴群岛建立专属经济区的权利合法性及《斯约》的适用范围,国际法学者有三种不同观点,即挪威无权单方面建立专属经济区、挪威有权建立专属经济区但《斯约》不适用该水域,以及挪威有权建立专属经济区且《斯约》适用该水域等,这些观点为缔约国的不同立场提供了法律依据。中国以"特定区域"的说法回避了上述争端,为我国采取灵活立场、维护合法权益留下空间。

The Svalbard Treaty signed by countries including the United States,the Soviet Union,and Norway failed to solve the dispute over the sovereignty arrangement of the archipelago.Norway's move to establish a fishery protection zone around Svalbard(SFPZ)and exercise jurisdiction over the zone has attracted concerns from other signatory states.New disputes have emerged over the legitimacy of Norway's right to establish the SFPZ and the scope of the treaty's application. After considering its relationship to other stakeholders,Norway established an SFPZ rather than an exclusive economic zone(EEZ).Based on their respective interests,signatory states have different attitudes and policies toward the SFPZ.After the establishment of the SFPZ,Norway adopted measures to win support from allies,introduced quota fishing systems,and strengthened law enforcement to safeguard its rights.According to different methods of analysis,international legal scholars hold three different views on the jurisdiction of the Svalbard Treaty and on whether or not Norway can legitimately establish an EEZ.Some argue that Norway has no right to unilaterally establish an EEZ.Some suggest that Norway does have the right to establish an EEZ but the Svalbard Treaty does not apply to the waters.There are also people who insist that Norway has the right to establish an EEZ and the treaty applies to the waters.All three interpretations provide the legal basis for the different positions of the signatory states.China has not taken a clear position on the above-mentioned dispute and only uses a relatively vague expression of"certain areas."This leaves room for China to adopt a flexible position to protect its own interests.