宋代玄奘的聖化:圖像、文物和遺迹

The Deification of the Eminent Monk Xuanzang during the Song Dynasty: Images,Artifacts,and Remains

唐代已出現玄奘聖化相關的傳奇、齋儀、禮拜法,以及和他西行求法有關的深沙神信仰。入宋以後,玄奘的聖化更以圖像、宗教文物和遺迹崇拜的形式展現。除了以頭部的圓光顯示玄奘的聖化之外,最值得注意的是寺院壁畫中玄奘左手執梵夾、右手“屈二指”作爲其聖化的表徵,此種形像傳到日本之後,成為鎌倉時代法相宗祖師玄奘圖像的標幟。此外,玄奘更成爲被禮拜的神祇,包括被繪入“五百羅漢圖”中,作爲羅漢受人恭敬禮拜;以及寺院經藏殿中設有玄奘像,僧徒朝夕供養。玄奘的聖化也顯現在對其舍利的重視,以及他晚年譯經的玉華寺、埋藏其遺骨的興教寺,也都成爲人們瞻仰的聖地。

The deification of Xuanzang 玄奘(600 - 664), one of China's most famous monks, can be seen through various legends and rituals, as well as the cult to the Deity of the Deep Sands ( Shensha dashen 深沙神);later known as Monk Sandy ( Sha heshang 沙和尚)in the novel Journey to the West ( Xiyou ji 西遊記).During the Song dynasty, Xuanzang's deification expanded to encompass a wide range of images, artifacts and remains. These include Xuanzang being portrayed with a halo ( yuanguang 圓光),as well as holding palm-leaf scriptures in his left hand and raising two fingers of his right hand as a sign of successful self-cultivation at the hour of his death. This iconography spread from China to Japan, becoming integral to images of Xuanzang as a patriarch of its Hosso Sect ( Hossdshu 法相宗).In addition , Xuanzang came to he worshipped as a deity, most notably in paintings of the 500 Arhats as well as statues enshrined in Halls for Housing Scriptures ( Cangjing Dian 藏經殿)that received offerings from monks every morning and evening. The extent of Xuanzang's deification can also be seen in the popularity of his sacred sites, including the Exalted Teachings Monastery ( Xingjiao Si 興教寺) where his relics were stored, and the Jade Flower Monastery ( Yuhua Si 玉華寺)where he translated numerous Buddhist scriptures.